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Exeter Riot

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Hard-pressed farmers in New Hampshire surrounded the legislative building, demanding that the representatives print paper money to ease their plight

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Shay's Rebellion

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Storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by 1,200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes.

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Massachusetts

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State that three rural counties in the west revolted in 1786

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Regulators

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Group of armed angry farmers who banded together to force judges and sheriffs to stop seizing the cattle and farms of those who could not pay their taxes

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Rhode Island

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Refused to participate in the Confederation Congress convention to revise the Articles of Confederation

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George Washington

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Served as presiding officer at the Federal Convention

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James Madison

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Drafted the framework for the initial discussions at the Constitutional Convention

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The Virginia Plan

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Called for a national government with a supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary

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Gunning Bedford

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Submitted the New Jersey Plan

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The New Jersey Plan

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Sought to keep the existing structure of equal representation of the states in a unicameral national legislature

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Separation of Powers

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Strict division of the powers of government among three separate branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) which, in turn, check and balance each other

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Great Compromise

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Used elements of both the New Jersey plan and the Virginia Plan

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Federalism

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Concept of dividing governmental authority between the national government and the states

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Articles of Confederation

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The first form of government for the United States, ratified by the original thirteen states in 1781; weak in central authority, it was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789

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Northwest Ordinance

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Land policy for new western territories in the Ohio valley that established the terms and conditions for self-government and statehood while also banning slavery from the region

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Anti-Federalists

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Opponents to the Constitution as an infringement of individual and states' rights, whose criticism led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document; Many later joined Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party

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The Federalist Papers

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Collection of eighty-five essays, published widely in newspapers in 1787 and 1788, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of adopting the proposed U.S. Constitution

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Jeffersonian Republicans

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Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition to the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; also known as the Democratic-Republican Party

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Bill of Rights

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First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states

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Bank of the United States

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National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency

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French Revolution

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Revolutionary movement beginning in 1789 that overthrew the monarchy and transformed France into an unstable republic before Napoleon Bonaparte assumed power in 1799

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Jay's Treaty

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Agreement between Britain and the United States, negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay, that settled disputes over trade, prewar debts owed to British merchants, British-occupied forts in American territory and the seizure of American ships and cargo

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Whiskey Rebellion

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Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against federal excise tax on corn whiskey, put down by a federal army

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XYZ Affair

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French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to two years of sea war with France (1798-1800)

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of non-citizens

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Election of 1800

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Presidential elections between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams; resulted in the first Democratic-Republican victory after the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams

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Mercantilism

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National governments exercise tight controls over economic life

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Tariffs

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Enabled American manufacturers to charge higher prices for their products sold in the United States; penalized consumers, particularly those in southern states that were dependent upon imported goods

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Excise Taxes

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Taxes on particular products, such as carriages, sugar, and salt

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Banks

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Would increase the nation's money supply by issuing currency in amounts greater than their actual reserve-gold and silver coins and government bonds-in their vaults

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Report on Manufactures

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By Alexander Hamilton; Distributed in 1791, set in place the capstone of design for modern capitalist economy; the active governmental promotion of new manufacturing and industrial enterprises (mills, mines, and factories)

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Jacobins

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Most radical of the French revolutionaries; executed the king and queen as well as hundreds of aristocrats and priests; promoted democracy, religious toleration, and human rights; supported social, racial, and sexual equality

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Reign of Terror

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1793-1794; thousands of "counterrevolutionary" political prisoners and priests were executed along with many revolutionary leaders

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Edmond-Charles Genet

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French ambassador to the United States

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The Virginia Plan

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Included three branches of government (legislative, judicial, executive); bicameral legislature

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The New Jersey Plan

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Kept structure of equal representation in a unicameral legislature

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House of Representatives

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Represents voters at large; the elected every two years

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Executive Branch

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Chief diplomat; Commander in Chief of armed forces; responsible for implementing laws

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Legislative Branch

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Divided into Congress and the House of Representatives

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Judiciary Branch

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Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice; interprets laws and ensures citizens receive equal justice

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Senate

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Represents state legislatures; elected every six years; protects the minority

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General Mad Anthony Wayne

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Led troops into the Battle of Fallen Timbers after the British transferred Ohio country to the US without consulting the Indians living there

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Treaty of Greenvile

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Signed in August 1795; the United States bought most of the territory that would form the state of Ohio and the cities of Detroit and Chicago

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Treaty of San Lorenzo

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Thomas Pinckney convinced the Spanish to accept a southern boundary in west Florida and allow Americans to ship goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans

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Land Act of 1796

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Congress doubled the price of federal land to $2 per acre

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Washington's Farewell Address

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Criticized the rising spirit of political partisanship and the emergence of political parties; advised America to avoid permanent alliances with European countries

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The Naturalization Act

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Lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship from five years to fourteen

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The Alien Acts

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Empowered the president to deport dangerous aliens

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Alien Enemies Act

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Authorized the president to expel or imprison enemy aliens during wartime

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The Sedition Act

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Outlawed writing, publishing, or speaking anything of a false, scandalous, or malicious nature against the government or its officers

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

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Denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts as infractions of Constitutional Rights

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Judiciary Act of 1801

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Intended to ensure Federalist control of the Judiciary system by creating sixteen federal circuit courts, with a new judge for each, and reducing the number of Supreme Court Justices

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Federalist Essay Number 10

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Argued that the size and diversity of the United States would make it impossible for any single faction to dominate the federal government

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The Wealth of Nations

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Written by Adam Smith; Declaration of independence from Great Britain's mercantilist system

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