AICE Sociology Paper 2 Theorists

positivist believed all knowledge based on science and everything is subject to general laws created term sociology

conflict clear distinction bw research and researcher, objectivity,disagrees w/ Marx that economy is everything in social change, religion too, advocated vershten

interactionist analogy of sociology as discipline and social policy is action, states sociology gives law makers technical info needed for policy making

conflict agrees w/ Weber about objectivity, but his goal is to change the world not to just interpret it, hypothesized that proletariat would eventually rebel against the bourgeoisie and society would fall into communism and away from inequalities of capitalism

interactionist argued that values have a place in sociology (subjectivity), build on Mead's 'secondary socialization'(socialization away from home) and 'generalized other'(children judge their actions based on the reactions of a large group of ppl), Mills and Gerth say 'generalized other' is not the entire society but only those close to the child partially succeed in mixing mead w/ freud

positivist says deriving a conclusion from observation is problematic bc just bc it happened in the past does not mean it will happen in the future, scientists should try to disprove their hypothesis, must abandon inductive method and adopt deductive

notes that scientists work as a community-consensus exists, agreed upon framework-paradigmm, those outside dom paradigm usually created alternative theories

sequence of research is inspiration and then observation, some science may be falsified, critical of deductive method

functionalist says Parsons and Merton misunderstood Weber says a value free sociology is a powerful myth-nothing prohibiting sociologists from making value judgements

interactionist values are dominant in a sociologists' choice of study, many Marxists/Feminists agree w him, says scientific and moral questions are inseperable

feminist says feminism needs its own morale of research-breakdown patriarchal approaches, see respondents as equals and lean more towards qualitative methods

structured functionalism societies built on social facts(patterned ways of thinking/acting/feeling controls people) stresses topics of social bonds that create stability, says anomie(chaos) caused when social control becomes ineffective as a result of loss of shared values

functionalism all societies make provisions for meeting social needs in order to survive, emphasizes importance of family (men>women= needs to be that way to survive), men=instrumental tasks, women=expressive. Other institutions must work together to support family. Merton goes farther-manifest/latent functions and dysfunctions

symbolic interactionist founded microanalysis, key difference bw animals and humans is communication in symbols, (symbols=anything meaningful that represents something else and must be interpreted the same war to produce a shared reality) self concept taking (mentally taing note of another person to see how we look from their eyes), significant others important in socialization process, dived the self into the "I"-subjective natural and "me"-objective internalized

symbolic interactionism developed dramaturgical analysis, makes an analogy of social lie and that of the stage- we act to appease the people around us

psychoanalytic divided mind into 3 parts 1)id-basuc bio needs/drives require immediate gratification 2)ego-rational and reality oriented,imposes restrictions on id 3)superego-moral/ethical aspects

psychologist developed stages of development (psychosocial development) crisis or potential crisis 1)trust vs mistrust (birth-1) 2)autonomy vs shame (1-3) 3)initiative vs guilt (3-5) 4)industry vs inferiority (6-11) 5)identity vs role confusion (12-18) 6)intimacy vs isolation (18-35) 7)generativity vs self-absorption (35-55) 8)integrity vs despair (maturity/old-age)

psychology 4 stages of cog development 1)sensorimotor 2)pre-operational 3)concrete operational 4)formal operational

psychology moral development-3 stages 1)pre-conventional 2)conventional 3)post-conventional

feminism criticized Kohlbergs model bc it was based on male responses, did a study on pregnant women

symbolic interactionism looking glass self- how a person's view of themselves is derived from perceptions of others through a 3 step process 1)imagine how our personality/appearance will look to someone 2)imagine how other ppl judge appearance/personality we think we present 3)self concept is developed

symbolic interactionist web model shows that children's cultural knowledge not only reflect beliefs of adult world but also peer culture

ecological microsystem=child's direct interactions with others mesosystem= impact of interactions upon child exosystem=influence of situations outside of the family on family members macrosystem=influence of larger society on the child

conflict children from working class and lower income families learn to be neat and on time and wait their turn and remain attentive to their work- attributes important for their future role in the work force