Age of Industry – Flashcards
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During the last half of the 1800s, the dramatic industrial growth of the United States was created by all of the following factors except
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low tariffs on imports
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The steel industry emerged in
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western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio
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The shipping of iron ore was made easier by
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the invention of the steam engine
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The purpose of the Bessemer-Kelly process was to
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burn the impurities out of iron by blowing air through it
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The steel industry of the late 1800s prospered in all of the following states except
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Arkansas
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The Duryea brothers invented the
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first gasoline-driven motor vehicle
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The new method of management called "Taylorism" led directly to all of the following techniques except
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vertical integration
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Railroads contributed to the economic growth of the United States in all of the following ways except
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by encouraging diversified control of the transportation industries
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After the Civil War, the growth of railroads was aided by
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subsidies from local, state, and federal governments
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Andrew Carnegie rose "from rags to riches" by
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cutting costs and prices for his products
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During the late 1800s, the great corporations introduced a new form of corporate management based on the
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division of responsibilities, creation of a group of middle managers, development of cost-accounting procedures, and carefully designed hierarchy of control
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The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same business, such as the merging of many different petroleum drilling companies into one company, is an example of
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horizontal integration
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A holding company is a form of consolidation in which a
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central corporate body formally purchases the stocks of various corporations
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By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in
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a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few
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The philosophy of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that
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only the fittest individuals survived in a free market place
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The philosophy of Social Darwinism appealed to some American businessmen because it justified their belief that
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their business tactics were legitimate
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Herbert Spencer argued that society as a whole, and business in particular, benefited when the weak were eliminated and the strongest and fittest were left to prosper. The theory is called
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Social Darwinism
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The idea that a rich person should be merely a trustee of wealth and should seek to use those funds for the good of the community is known as
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the Gospel of Wealth
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The Reform Darwinism of men like Lester Frank Ward argued that
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men can control their future by using government to wipe out poverty by adjusting the environment to their needs
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As an alternative to Social Darwinism, Henry George's 1879 book Progress and Poverty proposed
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a tax on land that would distribute wealth more equitably
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In Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backwards, "nationalism" is defined as
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southern and eastern Europe
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The explosive growth of an industrial labor force in the late 1800s was due to
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an influx of rural people for whom farming was no longer profitable, the appearance of many new jobs because of the rapid growth of American industry, the enormous number of immigrants who arrive in the United States between 1865 and 1915, and an increased need for unskilled industrial labor.
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The railroad strike of 1877 indicated that
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business was becoming national rather than local in scope
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The Knights of Labor was
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by defintion open to anyone who "toiled"
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In its efforts to help workers, the American Federation of Labor sought
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short-team gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions
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The Homestead strike of 1892 was significant to the future of American labor because it
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crippled the power of the steel workers to unionize
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The outcome of the Pullman strike of 1894 indicated that the federal government would
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intervene on the side of management rather than labor
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The efforts of large corporations to undermine organized labor were aided by
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their vast power and wealth, the support of all levels of government, the use of espionage and sabotage, and the intervention of troops during strikes
