Age of Exploration Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Cartography
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Improved navigation; mapping
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Magnetic Compass
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Pointed to the magnetic north, making it easier to determine direction
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Quadrant
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Used to determine latitude by measuring altitude of celestial bodies
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Cross Staff
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Used to determine latitude by measuring altitude of celestial bodies
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Caravel
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Small, lighter, and faster ships ideal for ocean travel
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Mundus Novus
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"New World" in Latin
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Financed numerous expeditions along the West African coastline in hopes of finding gold
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Bartholomew Dias
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Rounded the southern tip of Africa & opened the eastern African shores to Portuguese traders in 1488
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Vasco de Gama
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Built on Dias' route, completed an all water expedition to India in 1498
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Explored Brazil; 1st European to realized he had discovered a new continent in the New World; America named after him
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Christopher Columbus
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Believed a western track would be shorter than paths the Portuguese were taking;reached the Bahamas, believing he had reached the "Indies" somewhere west of India
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Bartholomew de las Casas
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Priest who publicly (at court) criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus & his successors treated the Amerindians
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"Black Legend"
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Spain was accused of using Christianity as a smokescreen for killing countless natives
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Confirmed Portugal's right to the eastern route to the Indies as well as to any undiscovered lands in the east; entitled Portugal to Brazil (granted rights to African slave trade)
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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Discovered the Pacific Ocean (after crossing Panama)
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Set said in pursuit of Columbus' goal of reaching the Spice Islands; his ship was first to circumnavigate the globe.
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Sebastian Elcano
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Continued Magellan's journey; returned to Spain three years later with a single ship & 18 survivors
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Conquistadors
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Spanish adventurers who led conquests in the Americas
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Hernando Cortes
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Conquered the Aztecs in Mesoamerica
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Montezuma II
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Aztec emperor
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"Gold, God, & Glory"
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Primary motives of the European Explorers
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Francisco Pizzaro
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Conquered the Incan empire
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Ivan IV
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"the Terrible" defeated the Mongols and took over Muscovy
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Boyars
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Powerful landlords of great estates; military service class
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New Imperialism
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Conquering entire regions and subjugating their populations; imperial colonial expansion
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Old Imperialism
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Characterized by establishing posts & forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations
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Encomienda system
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The grown granted a person a specified # of natives for whom they were to take responsibility, receiver of grant was to protect natives & to instruct them, in return they would exact tribute from the natives
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Mestizos
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Spaniards married Amerindian women creating children of mixed white & Native American descent
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Creoles
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Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish parents
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Alphonso d' Albuquerque
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Laid the foundation for Portuguese imperialism; conquered the vital ports of the Middle East & India
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Francis Xavier
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Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia (where by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity)
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Dutch East India Company
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Became the major force behind Dutch imperialism
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Jacques Cartier
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In search of the Northwest Passage, he explored St. Lawrence River region of Canada
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John Cabot
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Explored northeast coast of North America
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Jamestown
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First permanent settlement in Virginia
