question

Why is the older adult population increasing?

answer

- Improved sanitation and hygiene - Increased access to birth control - Improved medical care - Development of vaccinations

question

Four key features of the life span perspective

answer

- multidirectionality - plasticity - historical context - multiple causation

question

Multidirectionality

answer

with age, there are growths and declines in various functions

question

plasticity

answer

although aging brings declines in functioning, skills can be learned and improved with time

question

historical context

answer

we develop within specific historical and cultural periods

question

multiple causation

answer

how we understand results from numerous different sources

question

4 forces of development

answer

- biological forces (genetic and health related factors) - psychological forces (perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality factors) - sociocultural forces (social, cultural and ethnic factors) - life-cycle forces (how the same event can impact people at different points in their lives)

question

Biopsychosocial Framework of Adult development and Aging

answer

includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

question

4 controversies in development

answer

- nature v nurture - stability v change - continuity v discontinuity - universal v context-specific

question

nature v nurture

answer

the extent to which hereditary or environmental influences determine who we are

question

stability v change

answer

the extent to which people change or stay the same over time

question

continuity v discontinuity

answer

whether there is one, universal developmental pathway or many

question

universal v context specific

answer

whether there is one, universal development pathway or many

question

reliability

answer

extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of the construct of interest

question

validity

answer

extent to which a measure measures what it is meant to be measuring

question

age effects

answer

occur as a result of the underlying age-related changes in biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

question

cohort effects

answer

differences caused by experience or circumstances unique to a specific generation

question

time-of-measurement effects

answer

differences in sociocultural, environmental, historical or other events at the time when the measurement was taking place

question

cross-sectional designs

answer

developmental differences are identified by comparing groups of people varying in age on one point in time

question

longitudinal designs

answer

the same participants are observed repeatedly at different points in their lives

question

sequential deisgns

answer

using more than one cross-sectional or longitudinal design simultaneously

question

3 domains of the cultural competency of working with older adults

answer

- knowledge - skills - attitudes

question

structural changes in the eye

answer

- less light passes through the eyes, so increase illumination is often needed - adjusting to changes in illumination takes more times with age - lens of the eye becomes more yellow causing poorer color discrimination in the green-blue-violet spectrum - presbyopia (bc of stiffening in the lens of the eye, it is harder to adjust and focus vision, making it harder to see nearby objects) - disease can cause abnormal structural changes in the eye

question

cataracts

answer

cause opaque sports on the lens, limiting light that can pass through

question

glaucoma

answer

can cause a buildup of pressure due to poor fluid drainage leading to vision loss

question

prevalence of hearing loss

answer

most well-known normative change with age

question

presbycusis

answer

reduced ability to hear high-pitched tones; results from changes in the inner ear

question

gender differences in cardiovascular disease by age

answer

since the mid-1980s, men have had greater presentation of cardiovascular disease than women and the gap is widening steadily

question

hypertension

answer

condition in which the force of the blood against the artery wall is too high

question

hypotension

answer

abnormally low blood pressure

question

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

answer

group of diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema (respiratory disease)

question

aging female reproductive system

answer

- climacteric - perimenopause - menopause -- symptoms of perimenopause and menopause include hot flashes, headaches, mood changes, and greater difficulty achieving orgasm - physiological changes to the reproductive organs include thinning of the vaginal walls, shrinking of the vagina, and delayed/ reduced vaginal lubrication

question

climacteric

answer

the transition from being able to have children to not

question

perimenopause

answer

time between the mid-40s and the mid-50s when menstrual cycles become irregular and eventually cease

question

menopause

answer

the point at which the ovaries are no longer producing eggs; accompanied by many changes in hormones like estrogen and the reproductive organs and sexual functioning

question

aging male reproductive system

answer

- testosterone declines beginning in the mid-20s - sperm production declines with age - prostate glands enlarge, which can interfere with urination - physiological changes to sexual performance include greater difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection or orgasm

question

sleep and aging

answer

- take longer to fall asleep - are aware more at night - are more easily awakened - experiences major changes in their circadian rhythms (move from two-phase to multi-phase) - increases in sleep disturbances caused by sleep apnea, leg jerks, heartburn, need to urinate, poor health, and depression

question

changes in immune system due to aging

answer

- takes more time to build up immunities to specific diseases - more prone to serious consequences from illness

question

Verbrugge and Jette's model of disability

answer

- risk factors include habits that increase chances of disability or functional limitations - extra-individual factors include environment and health care - intra- individual factors include behaviors and personality- based factors - important to have fitness between and individual and their enviornment

question

Activities of daily living

answer

(ADLs) include basic self-care tasks like eating, bathing, etc; individuals are considered frail when they can no longer complete these on their own

question

instrumental activities of daily living

answer

(IADLs) activities that require intellectual competence and planning like paying bills or taking medication

question

automatic processing

answer

processes which are fast, reliable, and insensitive to increased cognitive demand or difficulty; involves processing of a specific and well-trained stimulus

question

effortful processing

answer

processes which use all available attentional capacity - we have a limited amount of processing capacity or attention, and activities vary in the amount of attention that they need

question

selective attention

answer

how we choose which information will be processed further into a smaller attention capacity store

question

divided attention

answer

degree in which different information can be processed simultaneously; older adults have a much harder time than younger people in multitasking

question

sustained attention of viglance

answer

maintenance of focus while performing a task over a long period of time - age differences are greatest when older adults perform complex tasks, especially more than one at a time. The easier or more automatic the task, the smaller the age differences

question

the processing resources hypothesis

answer

older adults have fewer processing resources than younger adults

question

neural networks model

answer

due to age-related neuronal loss, it takes more connections among neurons to make decisions, thereby slowing down the decision process

question

information loss model

answer

more information is lost at each sep in the process for older adults than younger adults

question

how can age differences in reaction time be minimized?

answer

- experience allows older adults to compensate for slowing speed by anticipating what will happen next - regular, aerobic exercise maintains speed performance - practice

question

when driving, what are some of the information processing deficits that older adults have?

answer

- reading highway signs - reading instrument panels - seeing the road - reaching for seatbelt - backing up - changing lanes - turning properly - yielding to the right of way

question

useful field of view (UFOV)

answer

assesses visual attention in order drivers; has been useful in identifying drivers at high risk for accidents

question

working memory

answer

plays an important role in encoding, storing, and retrieving information; only a few things can be processed at once here but can be moved to long-term storage

question

what are the age-related factors of working memory?

answer

- declines in storage capacity, ability to allocate capacity to multiple tasks, and rates of information processing - declines are greater for spatial memory than verbal working memory - declines are greater in the morning than the evening - declines are greater on more difficult tasks than simpler ones

question

episodic memory

answer

class of memory having to do with conscious recollections of information from a specific event or time; includes information about day to day activities

question

what are the age related factors of episodic memory

answer

- omission of information (rarely see commission - include more intrusions - repetition of previously recalled items - 80% of people in their 20s outperform people in their 70s - differences are reduced on recognition tests - more likely to accept never presented items, especially if they were similar to other items presented - more spontaneous in their memory strategy use, but can use one when instructed to - age differences can be reduced by slowing the presentation pace, allowing time to practice, and using familiar stimuli

question

recall

answer

involves remembering information without hints or cues

question

recognition

answer

involves selecting previously learned information from among several items

question

semantic memory

answer

relates to learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts that are not tied to any specific events or time

question

what are the age-related factors of semantic memory

answer

- very small changes in semantic memory with increased age - no differences in language comprehension, structures of knowledge, and activation of general knowledge - accessibility has the greatest decline - older adults have more trouble with finding words and tip-of-the-tongue experiences

question

age differences in encoding and retrieval

answer

- age-related declines are in encoding, not in storage - elaborative rehearsal- making connections between incoming information and information that is already known - once connections are made, they are maintained at the same rate as younger adults

question

false fame effect

answer

when a previously observed non-famous names are mistakenly identified as famous names at testing

question

source information

answer

ability to remember the source of a familiar event and whether the event was imagined or actually experiences, declines with age

question

false memory

answer

remembering things that did not occur; older adults are more susceptible to false memories which can make them higher risk for deceptions and scams

question

memory for disocurse

answer

collectively includes reading books, magazines, newspapers, etc.

question

route learning/spatial memory

answer

in familiar environments older adults can do just as well as younger adults, but not in new environments

question

gender diferences in route learning

answer

- older men do more poorly without aids (maps) but with them they do just as well - older women do worse with maps, but not when it is called a diagram; thought to be a cohort effect

question

event-based prospective memory

answer

an action is performed when a certain external event happens (eg. answering the phone when it rings)

question

time-based prospective memory

answer

an action is performed after a fixed amount of time (eg. remembering to attend an appointment)

question

psychometric approach

answer

focuses on standardized test performance with an emphasis on correct answers (eg. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults)

question

cognitive-structural approach

answer

emphasizes the ways in which people conceptualize and solve problems rather than scores on tests (eg. Piaget's developmental theory of cognition)

question

Seattle Longitudinal Study

answer

studied fie primary mental abilities in 5,000 people starting in 1956

question

Findings from Seattle Longitudinal Study

answer

- increases in primary mental abilities until late 30s or early 40s - scores stabilize in the 50s and 60s - by late 60's, declines in all primary mental abilities - within-indiviudal differences show that few people decline in the same way or at the same pace - fluid intelligence tends to show a normative age-related decline - crystalized intelligence does not normally decline with age until very late in life

question

age differences in fluid intelligence

answer

(abilities which make you a flexible and adaptive thinker) - very high in the young - sharply declines with age

question

age differences in crystalized intelligence

answer

(knowledge acquired through life and experience) - lowest in the young - sharply declines with age

question

Piaget's theory of intelligence

answer

- sensorimotor period: babies and infants learn by using sensory and motor skills - preoperational period: children don't think logically and are egocentric - concrete operational period: logical reasoning emerges, but abstractions are difficult - formal operational period: all adult thought; BUT older adults rarely use concrete operational thought

question

Costa and McCrae's personality factors

answer

- neuroticism - extraversion - openness to experience - agreeableness - consciousness

question

Stability of personality

answer

- personality traits shop changing at age 30 - high stability in personality traits

question

change of personality

answer

- self-confidence, cognitive commitment, outgoingness, and dependability may change - neuroticism increases and extraversion decreases

question

Srivastava Internet- based study of personality (2003)

answer

none of the big 5 (NEOAC) personality traits are stable after age 30

question

Berkley studies of personality

answer

- followed people aged 40-70 for 30 years - lifestyle predicted life satisfaction for women - personality predicted life satisfaction for men - both stability and change characterize personality development - stability and change are influenced by socioeconomic context

question

Erikson's theory of personality

answer

- 8 stages of development representing 8 struggles that people must undergo - last 3 stages are young adulthood (love), adulthood (care), and old age (wisdom) - successful resolutions of struggles establish the basic areas of psychosocial strength, and unsuccessful resolutions impair ego development

question

generativity

answer

concern for establishing and guiding the next generation; stronger predictor of emotional well-being in midlife adults

question

Loeyinger's theory of personality

answer

- eight stages of ego development - 6 stages take place in adulthood: -- conformist (obedience to external social rules) -- conscientious (separation of norms and goals; realization of affecting others) -- CONSCIENTIOUS (beginning of self- evaluated standards) -- individualistic (recognition that acting is more important than the outcome) -- autonomous (respect for each person's individuality; tolerance for ambiguity) -- integrated (resolution of inner conflicts)

question

4 areas to developmental progression

answer

1) character development: reflects standards and goals 2) interpersonal style: reflects patterns of relations 3) conscious preoccupation: reflects most important things on the mind 4) cognitive style: characteristic ways in which a person thinks

question

midlife correction

answer

reevaluation of one's roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections

question

negativity bias

answer

older adults hold on to their intial negative impressions because negative information affects them more strongly than positive information

question

casual attributions

answer

explanations that people construct to explain their behavior

question

age-based double standard

answer

attributing an older person's failures in memory to something more serious than in the cases of young adults

question

implicit stereotypes

answer

automatically activated unconscious stereotypes about aging that guide our behaviors

question

patronizing talk

answer

when you slow your speech, use childlike vocabulary, etc.

question

stereotype threat

answer

an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with negative stereotypes about a group to which you belong

question

personal control

answer

the degree to which one believes that performance in a situation depends on something one does personally

question

assimilative activities

answer

prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant for self-esteem and identity

question

accomodations

answer

readjusting goals and aspirations as a way to lessen or neutralize the effects of negative self-evaluations in key domains

question

Gay male and lesbian couples similarities and differences to heterosexual couples

answer

- rate of living alone and being without a partner is higher than in heterosexual couples - more homosexual women than men live alone and are without partners; this is the opposite in heterosexual people - gay couples tend to be more egalitarian (mostly women) - both groups show the same changes over time of satisfaction and predictors or relationship success

question

factors influencing marital success

answer

- age of 2 partners at the time of marriage - homogamy: similar values and interests - feelings of equality - exchange theory

question

exchange theory

answer

each partner contributes something to the relationships that the other could not do or would struggle to do

question

reasons for increase in divorce

answer

- no longer as stigmatized as it once was - expectations about marriage have increased

question

factors predicting early vs late divorce

answer

- negative emotions displayed during conflicts predict early divorce - lack of positive emotions during conflicts predict later divorce

question

gender differences in adjustment to widowhood

answer

- over 50% of women over 65 are widows; 15% of same aged men - men are more likely to die soon after spouse - many female widows end up in poverty - widowed men are typically older than widowed women

question

5 styles of grandparents

answer

- formal: traditional roles with hands on perspective to child rearing; most common - fun seeker: informal playfulness; second most common - distant: ritualized and infrequent visits - surrogate parents - dispenser of family wisdom: authoritarian position, giving information and advice

question

sandwich generation

answer

being caught between 2 generations; middle aged parents have to deal with demands of their parents, their children, and their own lives

question

filial obligation

answer

to care for parents if neccessary

question

prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in older adults vs younger age groups

answer

- cognitive disorders are highest in older adults - other psychiatric disorders are lowest in older adults

question

risk factors for depression in older adults

answer

- female, unmarried, widowed - having less than a high school education - experiencing stressful life events - lacking social support - having chronic illness, living in a nursing home, or being a caregiver - being an ethnic minoirty

question

beck depression inventory

answer

commonly used with adults; focused on feelings and physical symptoms

question

geriatric depression Rating scale

answer

physical symptoms are not included and a yes/no format is implemented

question

treatment considerations for older adults

answer

- drug treatment therapy (SSRI's, HCA's, or MAO inhibitiors)

question

delirium

answer

disturbance of consciousness and change in cognition that develop over a short period of time

question

dementia

answer

affects about 4 million people, which is 6-8% of people over age 65 and 50% of people over age 85

question

Major symptoms of Alzheimer's disease

answer

- gradual changes in cognitive functioning - declines in memory, learning, attention and judgment - disorientation in time and space - difficulties in word finding and communication - declines in personal hygiene and self-care skills - inappropriate social behavior - changes in personality

question

sundowning

answer

symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are generally worse in the evening

question

Kurt Lewin's Person- Environment Interaction Formula

answer

- early model of optimal aging - behavior is a function of the interaction between the personal and their enviornment

question

environmental press model by Lawton

answer

- competence is the theoretical upper limit of a person's capacity to function - competence had 5 domains: -- biological health, sensory-perceptual functioning, motor skills, cognitive skills, ego

question

Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging

answer

- avoid disease and stay healthy - maintain high cognitive and physical function - maintenance of interpersonal relations

question

Keys to successful aging by Gatz

answer

- sound health habits - good habits of thought - a social network - sound economic habits

question

Types of prevention of disability

answer

- primary prevention: an intervention that prevents a disease from occurring (eg. immunizations) - secondary prevention: instituted sometimes before a diagnosis and before symptoms start to show (cancer screenings) - tertiary prevention: efforts to avoid complications, manage pain, and sustain life (eg. sitting someone up in bed) - quaternary prevention: efforts to boost functionality for people with chronic conditions (occupational therapy)

question

Lifestyle factors for optimal aging

answer

- staying fit with moderate exercise - eating right with a balanced diet

question

types of elder abuse

answer

- physical - sexual - emotional/ psychological - financial - neglect - self- neglect

question

elder physical abuse

answer

non-accidental use of force against an elderly person that results in pain, injury or impairment; includes hitting, shoving, and inappropriate use of drugs, restraints, or confinement

question

elder sexual abuse

answer

contact with an elderly person without the elders consent; include sex acts, showing of pornographic material, forcing an elderly person to witness sex acts, and forcing an elderly person to undress

question

elder emotional/ psychological abuse

answer

speaking to or treating an elderly person in ways that cause emotional pain or distress; includes intimidation, humiliation, ridicule, scapegoating, ignoring, isolating or terrorizing an elderly person

question

elder financial abuse

answer

unauthorized use of an elderly person's funds or property either by a caregiver or a scam artist

question

elder neglect

answer

failure to fulfill a caretaking obligation whether intentional or passive

question

elder self-neglect

answer

older adults sometimes stop eating, stop seeing doctors, or abuse alcohol and drugs

question

what are the most common types of abuse?

answer

- 60% neglect cases - 16% physical abuse cases - 12% financial exploitation cases

question

characteristics of abuse victims

answer

- people over 80 are abused 2-3 times more often, but its rising in 60-70 year olds - risk factors include poverty, race, functional and cognitive impairment, and living with someone else - 97% of perpetrators are known to the victim; 76% are spouses or adult children

question

Mandating reporting procedure guidelines

answer

MRP - who is being abused - who must report - what must be reported - when must it be reported - how to report

question

MRP who is being abused

answer

person older than 65 or a dependent adult over 18

question

MRP who must report

answer

anyone caring for an older adult, care providers, health care providers (doctors, nurses, psychologists), in- home support staff, law enforcement, and Department of Social and Employment Services staff

question

MRP what must be reported

answer

physical abuse, neglect by others, neglect by self, financial abuse, abandonment, isolation

question

MRP when must you report

answer

as soon as possible by telephone; within 48 for SOC 341 submission form

question

MRP how to report

answer

call APS hotline and mail the SOC 341 form to APS

question

gender differences in occupational choice

answer

- men and women are socialized differently about what occupations are appropriate - 60% of women work outside the home now

question

women's reasons for leaving well- paid occupations

answer

- family obligations, such as child care - workplace issues, such as poor occupational development or unsupportive work enviornments

question

vocational identity

answer

degree to which one views one's job as key to their identity

question

occupational aspirations and expectations of Hispanics

answer

- high occupational aspirations - low occupational expectations

question

sticky floor

answer

when one's ethnic group dominates only entry-level positions

question

sex discrimination

answer

denying a job to someone just because of their sex

question

glass ceiling

answer

the maximum level to which women may rise in a company

question

glass elevator

answer

tendency for men to rise quickly in female- dominated fields

question

comparable worth

answer

equalizing pay in positions which are equally important but which may differ in gender distribution

question

reasonable woman standard regarding sexual harrassment

answer

- appropriate legal criterion for determining whether sexual harassment has occurred; is used to determine if sexual harassment has occurred

question

age discirmination

answer

denying a job to someone just because of their age

question

US Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986

answer

- protects workers over the age of 40 - people must be hired based on their ability - employers are banned from refusing to hire or form firing workers based on their age - employers cannot segregate workers based on age

question

majority predictors of retirement

answer

- health - gender: married women often retire based on their spouse's health or number of dependents, men do not - ethnicity: African-Americans label themselves retired based on employment status, not disability, work history or source of income

question

gender difference in adjustment to retirement

answer

men adjust well when they're in good health, they have enough income, they retired voluntarily and they have high levels of personal control

question

types of long-term care facilities

answer

- nursing homes (skilled care faciliites and intermediate care facilities)- 24 hour care - assisted living facilities: supportive living, not 24 hour care - adult foster care: good for people who need help with daily activities but are generally in good health

question

patient self-determination act (PSDA)

answer

requires people to complete advance directives when admitted to health care facilities

question

Eden alternative

answer

- views skilled care environments as habitats rather than facilities - approaches care from a perspective of maintaining dignity - pets are used to create stronger association between former and new living situations

question

clinical death

answer

lack of heart beat and respiration

question

brain death

answer

brain no longer works on its own

question

persistent vegetative state

answer

brain-stem functioning continues after cortical functioning stops

question

active euthanasia

answer

deliberately ending someones life; may be based on the desires of the individual or someone else with the legal right to do so

question

passive euthanasia

answer

allowing a person to die by withholding treatment

question

DNR

answer

do not resuscitate - medical order which is used when cardiopulmonary resuscitation is needed

question

age difference regarding feelings about death

answer

- young adults feel cheated - middle adults begin to shift - older adults feel accepting

question

Kubler- Ross stage theory of dying

answer

- denial: first reaction; shock and disbelief - anger: hostility, resentment, frsuturation and envy - bargaining: people look for a way out - depression - acceptance

question

death anxiety: terror management theory

answer

(pyszczynski) - propose that people engage in certain behaviors to achieve certain psychological states

question

end-of-life issues

answer

management of the final aspects of life, such as disposition of the body, memorial services, and distribution of assets

question

final scenario

answer

making choices about how one does and does not want their life to end

question

hospice

answer

an approach to assisting dying people that emphasizes pain management, palliative care, and death with dignity

question

bereavement

answer

a state or condition caused by loss through death

question

grief

answer

sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, or other feelings that arise after a loss

question

mourning

answer

concerns the way in which we express our grief; influenced by cultural norms

question

levels of grief in expected v unexpected death

answer

- intense in both - may begin before actual death in cases of expected death - sometimes grieving process is shorter w expected death

question

death of ones spouse gender and age differences

answer

- pressure to grieve for about a year - young adults show more immediate grief; older adults show more intense grief 18 months after the death and may continue for 30 months - widowhood is more depressing for women then men - bereaved spouses tend to have more positive biases about their marriage - more dependent the survivor, more anxiety they show

question

barriers to talking with adult children about end-of-life issues

answer

- fear of death - trust in others to make decisions - family dynamics - uncertainty about preferences

question

competency in aging

answer

- knowledge -- multiple idenitities and biases, power and privelege dynamics, limitations, uniqueness in diagnosis assessement and treatment - skills: self-reflection and self-awareness - attitudes: awareness about one's identities, biases, and power/privelege

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