Adolescent & Emerging Adulthood Final Study Guide (Quizzes) – Flashcards
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Ed is a 14-year-old boy living in Seattle. Where is Ed likely to face most of his intellectual challenges?
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In his daily school activities
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In terms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what statement does NOT belong?
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Continuous change
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Piaget proposed that the active construction of reality takes place through the use of schemes. Schemes are
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mental structures for organizing and interpreting information
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One of the limitations of Piagetian theory is the
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neglect of the cultural basis of cognitive development.
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What are the three separate capacities in the information processing model?
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Attention, processing, and memory.
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Fifteen-year-old Donny can read his math textbooks quickly. His little sister, Marie, also reads her math books, but it takes her longer and she stumbles over some words. Donny is demonstrating greater
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automaticity
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According to the text, one possible explanation of why adolescents and adults differ in decision making is because mature decision making requires both
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cognitive and psychological factors
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Bob and his friends have developed a new game. After school they all climb aboard a freight train, and when it crosses the river, they dive off the top of the box cars into the water. This dangerous behavior is best explained by the
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personal fable.
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The personal fable is built upon what concept?
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Imaginary audience
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Which psychologist is credited with the development of a cultural approach to cognition?
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Lev Vygotsky
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Cultural belief systems include the roles that are appropriate for particular persons. What role is NOT a legitimate cultural role?
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Cognitive
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Tish is a 15-year-old girl who believes that everyone should be his or her "own person," make his or her own decisions, and have the freedom to choose a course in life. Of the following, where would Tish most likely live?
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Italy
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One cultural belief which underlies the practice of dating is that young people should
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have a right to decide who they are intimate with
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According to the text, which statement typically applies to Asian American emerging adults in their beliefs about key criterion of adulthood?
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Becoming capable of financially supporting parents
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According to the text, religions typically specify a code for behavior and these codes usually contain rules for
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all of these...self-regulation, role preparation, sources of meaning.
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Liam's parents disagree about religious beliefs. Her mother is devout and attends mass twice per week, while her father is an atheist. Her parents' disagreement is so deep that they no longer discuss religious issues. According to the text, which of the following is most likely? Liam
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is not religious.
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A scholar who has proposed a theory of stages of religious development linked to cognitive development is
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James Fowler
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Suppose you were a subject in one of Piaget's studies on moral development. It is most likely that you would be
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playing a game of marbles and discussing the rules.
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Giselle reasons at Kohlberg's Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation. What would Giselle be most likely to say about lying?
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"Lying is wrong because Mommy spanks me when I lie."
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In terms of political beliefs, what does "capacity to develop an ideology" mean?
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Developing a set of beliefs that serves as a basis for personal political attitudes.
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In your text, use of the term sex refers to the
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biological status of being male or female.
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According to research, in traditional cultures, during adolescence, socialization becomes broader for boys and narrower for girls. Therefore,
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boys generally have more freedom than girls.
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Brittany is eight years old. Her daily activities include helping her mother make meals, running the household, and looking after her baby brother. Most likely, Brittany lives in a(n)
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traditional preindustrial culture.
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Cross-cultural analyses have shown that in traditional cultures a boy is considered a man when he is able to
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provide, protect, and procreate.
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Some scholars argue that for African American adolescents gender roles reflect
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challenges faced in African American history.
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Increased emphasis on gender roles in adolescence is characteristic of
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both traditional and Western cultures.
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According to research, increased conformity to gender roles during early adolescence occurs especially for adolescents
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whose parents encourage gender-role conformity
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The research finding that 90 percent of infants observed at an American shopping mall were wearing gender-specific clothing provides support for
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differential gender socialization
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According to the text, gender expectations become more rigid in early adolescence as part of the gender intensification process. In what grade does gender flexibility peak?
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7th - 8th grade
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Which of the following is associated with gender schema theory?
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An assumption that people organize information in terms of gender.
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The term self-esteem was invented by
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William James
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For an adolescent, feelings of failure may result from awareness of a difference between the
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actual self and the ideal self
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Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of self-image proposed by Harter?
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Extracurricular participation
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Tessa's parents have noticed that she has low self-esteem. Of the following, what is the best advice for them?
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Provide love and encouragement
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According to Erikson, each life period is characterized by a specific
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developmental issue.
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Enid looks up to her aunt who is a writer and wants to be just like her when she grows up. According to Erikson, which of the following terms describes this situation?
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Identification
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For adolescents in minority cultures, the cognitive ability of self-reflection may bring about a heightened awareness of
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All of these... a.what it means to be a member of a minority group. b. the cultural stereotypes others may hold. c. differences between the majority and minority cultures.
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As a consequence of __________ many young people around the world adopt a_________ identity.
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globalization; bicultural
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Jakob goes out a lot. He hangs around with a lot of guys from his neighborhood and his school. They are always skateboarding together downtown and playing video games. However, Jakob feels like he has no one to talk to about his problems and the things that are important to him. Jakob is experiencing
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emotional loneliness.
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During which of the following life periods do people tend to spend the most time alone?
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Emerging adulthood
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According to research, what family members do adolescents rate as having the closest attachments with?
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Parents
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One key principle of the family systems approach is
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parents often become depressed when children move away
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Dylan, a 15-year-old boy, and his father, Craig, have spent less time together over the past few years. On average Dylan and his father only spend about one hour a day together, and most of that time is spent watching television. What does this tell us about Dylan's home life?
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Dylan's home life is normal.
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Parental responsiveness is the degree to which parents
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are sensitive to their children's needs.
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What principle describes the idea that adolescents are not only influenced by their parents but also influence their parents?
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Reciprocal effects
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Which statement about parenting is most true of non-Western cultures?
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Authoritative parenting is rare.
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What do early and middle adolescents have in common in terms of their family harmony? Both age groups tend to have high levels of
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conflict with parents.
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What statement most closely reflects the feelings of emerging adults after their departure from the family home? Emerging adults report
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ALL a. greater closeness with their parents. b. fewer negative feelings toward their parents. c. valuing their parents' opinions.
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In recent studies what percentage of American emerging adults "return to the nest" to live at least once after they leave?
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40%
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According to research conducted on runaway youth, what percentage who leave home stay within 50 miles of home?
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80-90%
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Friendships are particularly important during adolescence because it is a time of life when young people
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a. extend their relationships outside the immediate family.
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According to research, who do 15-year-olds indicate is their primary source of emotional support?
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d. Same-gender friends
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Consuelo is very close to her parents. She really loves going sailing with her mom on the weekends; she describes their conversations as "very deep." Consuelo often goes to her dad for advice and loves helping him in the kitchen. Based on research, we could predict that Consuelo is likely to
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b. develop strong attachments to friends.
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Which of the following scholars first developed ideas on the importance of intimacy in adolescent relationships?
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b. Harry Sullivan
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Close friendship in adolescence promotes development of
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ALL a. perspective taking. b. a healthy identity. c. empathy. Correct Response d. all of these answers are correct.
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In terms of friendships, ethnic boundaries may become sharper during adolescence due to
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b. ethnic stereotypes and prejudices.
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Friendships in emerging adulthood often include information, instrumental, companionship and
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esteem support.
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According to research, in emerging adulthood, the importance of ____________ tend to decline as romantic relationships _________________.
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friendships; develop
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Which of the following best represents the function of crowds? Crowds
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help adolescents define their identities.
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Which of the following is the term for a society that condones a high degree of variability among individuals and groups?
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Pluralistic
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Mike and Lisa, both 15 years old, are boyfriend and girlfriend. If Mike and Lisa were typical of the young people in recent research on adolescent romantic behavior, what would they look for in a romantic partner?
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Mike would mention physical attractiveness
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Which statement best characterizes adolescent love?
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Infatuation is common among adolescents.
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Romantic love as the basis for marriage is
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a new cultural idea.
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Fifteen-year-old Alex is at home feeling sad. She has just been dumped by her boyfriend. Her mom comes into her room to see how she is doing. Alex feels like the world is over, she will never love again, and this is the worst thing that has ever happened to her. Alex's unhappy feelings are intensified by her
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adolescent egocentrism
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One implication which follows from the personal fable of adolescence is that adolescents
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tend to score high on measures of formal operational thought
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One implication that follows from restrictive cultures placing strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage is that
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d. females are punished for engaging in premarital sex.
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What factor tends NOT to affect the timing of an adolescent's first sexual experience?
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Level of parental communication
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Harassment may include all of the following EXCEPT
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excessively complimenting the person
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One implication that follows from the pervasiveness of homophobia in American society is
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coming out can be a traumatic experience.
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Over the past year, Alex has only been sexually active with one partner. According to the text, Alex is most likely
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an emerging adult.
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According to the text, when did states in the USA begin passing laws requiring school attendance through early teens?
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Age of Adolescence
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According to the text, the comprehensive high school system was designed to
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ALL a. include general education. b. prepare students for college. c. include vocational training. d. all of these answers are correct.
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One major drawback of the U.S. system of comprehensive high schools is
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it limits job-specific training.
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Blanca and Melanie attend high schools in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Blanca attends a large high school with 3,000 students. Melanie, on the other hand, attends a smaller school of only 200. According to research, who is more likely to participate in extracurricular activities based on the size of the schools?
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Melanie or Both
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School climate refers to the
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quality of interactions between students and teachers.
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According to research, which statement best summarizes the current climate in American high schools? Adolescents are
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physically present but psychologically absent.
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How is socioeconomic status (SES) related to adolescents' school performance?
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Performance and SES are positively correlated.
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According to the text, what best explains girls' superior performance in school and the relatively poor performance of boys?
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ALL a. Girls report more positive experiences in the classroom. b. Girls feel greater support by their parents. c. Girls have higher contact time with their teachers. d. All of these answers are correct.
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According to the text, approximately what percentage of college students drop out before obtaining a degree?
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50%
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Hunting, fishing, and farming are occupational pursuits most common in
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traditional cultures
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According to Chapter 11, one benefit of globalization has been
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making daily life easier in traditional cultures.
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Balwant's parents are living in severe poverty in New Delhi, India. Balwant's parents have decided that the only way they can survive is to take out a loan and guarantee the money with Balwant's labor. This is known as
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debt bondage.
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Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between American schools and adolescent work?
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None of these answers are correct
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Some studies have shown positive findings between adolescent work and psychological functioning which includes
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increased self-esteem.
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According to research, working more than _________ hours a week is associated with a variety of types of problem behavior including vandalism, driving while intoxicated, and beating up someone.
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20
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What percentage of American emerging adults attends college after graduating from high school? Approximately
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70%
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According to the text, all of the U.S. school-to-work and job-training programs tried thus far have
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only been implemented on a limited scale.
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What is the last stage of Super's (1992) theory of the development of occupational goals?
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Consolidation
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In contrast to high school graduates, adolescents who drop out before they graduate are more likely to be
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unemployed.
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At the beginning of the chapter, the author uses the example of the Disney movie "The Program" to illustrate
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the complexity of media influences on adolescents.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the theories of media influence discussed in this chapter?
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The Cognitive Developmental Approach
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All her life, 15-year-old Trina has watched American television shows that depict life in a middle-class, two-parent home. Trina believes that this type of family life is typical of life in America. This example best illustrates
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Cultivation Theory
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Robbie is in 10th grade and edits the school poetry "zine." He hopes to be a published writer and win a scholarship to a fine arts college. He says he became interested in poetry two years ago when he watched a television show about Jack Kerouac. This situation best illustrates media use and
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identity formation.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a qualitative research method?
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Students answer questionnaires about the frequency and type of media use.
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The most important result of 20th century media, such as television and radio, was the creation of a new source of
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socialization.
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It is difficult to make a clear link between viewing violent television and aggressive behavior in adolescents because most of the research is
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correlational.
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Ward (1995) found that young men and women in popular television shows are often portrayed as having a _______________ attitude towards sex.
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recreational
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What type of music was criticized in the 1920s for promoting promiscuity and alcohol use?
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Jazz
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According to research, in which of the following areas were striking changes observed in Inuit adolescents' behavior after the introduction of television?
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Romantic relationships and competitive sports
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One reason that emerging adulthood has been proposed as a key period for the expression of resilience is because emerging adults
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have not yet made the commitments that structure adult life
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Which of the following is a leading researcher in the area of resilience?
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Masten
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Leanne is underweight and has experienced amenorrhea associated with anorexia nervosa. Despite this, when she looks in the mirror she sees herself as overweight and flabby. This situation best illustrates
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cognitive distortion.
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Young people with internalizing disorders are sometimes referred to as
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overcontrolled.
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Caddy suffers from clinical depression. Based on research, it could be predicted that Caddy is more likely to ___________________ than other adolescents.
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have an anxiety disorder
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Which of the following best describes substance use among American adolescents?
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Other than alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, substance use is uncommon.
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Terrie Moffitt's (1993, 2003) provocative theory proposes a distinction between two types of delinquency:
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adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent.
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The idea that religious participation may make it less likely that an adolescent take part in risk behavior best refers to
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protective factor.
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The Add Health study found that risk behavior was significantly related to
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ALL a. family structure. b socioeconomic status. c. ethnic background. d. all of these answers are correct.
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That African American adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to be arrested reflects
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lower SES among African Americans
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For the most part, early maturation tends to be more positive for girls than boys
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FALSE
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Kohlberg's cognitive development theory of gender was based on Jean Piaget's ideas about cognitive development
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TRUE
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A century ago, the mission of most colleges and universities was grounded explicitly in religious beliefs
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TRUE
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The two processes involved in the use of schemes are assimilation and analytic thinking
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FALSE
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According to research by Ward (1995), approximately 70% of interactions in television shows most popular with adolescents contained sex-related statements
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FALSE
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Erik Erikson felt that emerging adulthood is characterized by the age 0f identity explorations
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FALSE
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Lower levels of body fat signal the hypothalamus to increase GnRh production
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FALSE
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Not all adolescents participate in youth culture
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TRUE
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Externalizing problems are more common among females than among males
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FALSE
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People who have received cognitive-behavior therapy are less likely than those who have been treated with antidepressant medication to relapse after the treatment period
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TRUE
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The peak of substance use occurs during adolescence
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FALSE
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According to Adelson (1971), one key change observed between early and late adolescence was a sharp increase in authoritarian political views
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FALSE
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Some scholars suggest a link between cognitive development and contraception use
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TRUE
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Based on biological and cognitive changes of adolescence, parent-adolescent conflict is universal and "natural"
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FALSE
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In traditional cultures, socialization becomes broader for girls and narrower for boys in adolescents
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FALSE
