question

Menarche

answer

first period

question

Hormones

answer

substance that enter the blood stream

question

Glands

answer

organs that stimulate body parts

question

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron

answer

specialized hormones dealing with puberty

question

Pituitary gland

answer

regulates levels of hormones in the body

question

Gonads

answer

testes in males, ovaries in females

question

Testes

answer

Male gonads

question

ovaries

answer

Female gonads

question

Androgens

answer

sex hormones, higher levels in males after puberty

question

Estrogens

answer

sex hormones, higher in females after puberty

question

Adrenarche

answer

maturity of adrenal glands during adolescence

question

Cortisol

answer

a stress hormone

question

Leptin

answer

a protein, may have role with puberty onset

question

Pheromones

answer

the chemical smell that attracts you to a person

question

Delayed phase preference

answer

pattern of sleep after puberty, later sleep and wake times

question

Melatonin

answer

hormone in the brain that helps you sleep

question

Basal metabolism rate-

answer

resting heart rate

question

Body mass index (BMI)

answer

a way of telling if someone is overweight or not by height, weight and age.

question

peak height velocity

answer

The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.

question

epiphysis

answer

The closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed.

question

secular trend

answer

The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals larger in stature, reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition.

question

anorexia nervosa

answer

An eating disorder with young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss.

question

bulimia

answer

An eating disorder with young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating, extreme weight loss measures, including self-induced vomiting.

question

The development of primary sex characteristics in females involves:

answer

growth and development of the ovaries.

question

Secondary sex characteristics manifest themselves primarily through changes in:

answer

external appearance.

question

The optimal level of a particular hormone in your body is known as:

answer

The set point

question

Which best describes the process of puberty?

answer

it is a gradual process that begins at conception

question

Which of the following is true of sex hormones released by the gonads?

answer

androgens and estrogens are found in both genders, in different amounts

question

The feedback loop primarily responsible for maintaining the endocrine system's set point is the:

answer

the HPG axis.

question

There is evidence that ________ may be the most important signal of the onset of puberty.

answer

rising levels of the fatty protein \"leptin\"

question

The main reason some teens look awkward and \"gangly\" during puberty is:

answer

different body parts (arms and legs) grow at different times.

question

In regard to the relation between adolescence (puberty) and stress, all of the following are true except:

answer

adolescence is an inherently stressful time.

question

All of the following are ways that hormones can affect behavior, except:

answer

the \"storm and stress\" of adolescence is caused by raging hormones.

question

Recently Cory, a fifteen-year-old, has begun complaining about difficulties with falling asleep at night and waking up early in the morning. These changes in patterns of sleep are due to:

answer

C) biological and environmental factors

question

Which of the following statements about sleep during adolescence is false?

answer

adolescents tend to go to bed later/sleep in later because of purely external, environmental factors

question

Which are, in general, the earliest changes that occur during pubertal growth?

answer

breast growth in females; growth of testes in males

question

A relatively late pubertal development reflecting the culmination of a long series of hormonal changes in females is:

answer

menarche.

question

What is true about pubertal development in females?

answer

it is incorrect to use menarche as a marker for the onset of puberty

question

Within the United States, ethnic differences in the timing of pubertal maturation of females are as follows (from earliest to latest developing):

answer

Blacks, Mexican Americans, Whites.

question

According to research presented in the textbook, of the following adolescent girls, who is likely to go through puberty the latest?

answer

Jennifer, a ballerina who has engaged in excessive dieting for the last 2 years

question

The most important factor for explaining individual differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment is:

answer

genetic factors.

question

Which statement regarding self-image during puberty is false?

answer

Feelings about one's own appearance become increasingly more negative as children move from adolescence to adulthood.

question

The tendency to stay up later at night, and sleep later in the morning in adolescents is driven by the biological changes of puberty and is known as:

answer

delayed phase preference.

question

In adolescent males, some researchers regard ________ as the analogous process to females' menarche.

answer

first ejaculation

question

Adolescent girls' attitudes toward menarche tend to be strongly influenced by:

answer

discussions she has had with females she feels close to.

question

How do males compare to females in terms of their reaction to specific pubertal events (i.e., first ejaculation and menarche, respectively)?

answer

females are more likely than males to share their events with friends and family

question

At least one study found that most female adolescents respond positively to:

answer

breast development.

question

A teenage male who is abusing drugs and engaging in antisocial behavior is most likely a(n):

answer

early maturer.

question

Disordered eating and body dissatisfaction has been reported among:

answer

poor and affluent adolescents as well as White and non-White adolescents.

question

One reason early-maturing males have the difficulties they have may be that:

answer

they do not have as much time as their late-maturing male peers to adapt to the changes that puberty brings.

question

How do early versus late-maturing females compare in terms of emotional difficulties (lowered self-image, higher rates of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders)?

answer

early-maturing females have more emotional difficulties

question

One of the factors that seems to influence whether or not early maturation in females results in positive or negative outcomes for the adolescent is:

answer

the culture's attitudes toward physical appearance.

question

One reason the typical teen gains weight during adolescence, of which adolescents are relatively unaware, is:

answer

the typical decrease in basal metabolism rate.

question

With each successive generation born in the United States, Latino youth show:

answer

increasingly poorer nutrition.

question

The possible causes of eating disorders among adolescents include all of the following, except:

answer

infectious diseases.

question

Approximately what percentage of American adolescents suffer from anorexia nervosa?

answer

less than 1%

question

Which of the following statements about eating disorders among female adolescents is false?

answer

those whose mothers have body image problems are less at risk for eating disorders

question

Contributors to the \"new morbidity and mortality\" of adolescence include all of the following, except:

answer

chronic illness.

question

About _____ American teenagers _____, which is the _____ serious public health concern among adolescents.

answer

one in six; are obese; most

question

Minority adolescents are at greater risk for developing health problems during adolescence than non-minority adolescents in part as a result of:

answer

inadequate access to health care.

question

The leading cause of mortality among adolescents around the world is:

answer

unintentional accidents.

question

deductive reasoning

answer

A type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens.

question

metacognition

answer

The process of thinking about thinking itself.

question

imaginary audience

answer

The belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one's behavior.

question

personal fable

answer

An adolescent's belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people's behavior.

question

information-processing perspective

answer

A perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory).

question

divided attention

answer

The process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time.

question

long-term memory

answer

The ability to recall something from a long time ago.

question

working memory

answer

hat aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved.

question

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

answer

A technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task.

question

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

answer

A technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions.

question

neurons

answer

Nerve cells.

question

neurotransmitters

answer

Specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons.

question

synapse

answer

The gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses.

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

The region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses.

question

Limbic system

answer

An area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment.

question

serotonin

answer

A neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods.

question

dopamine

answer

A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward.

question

correlation

answer

The extent to which two things vary systematically with each other.

question

causation

answer

The correlation between two things attributable to the effect one thing has on the other.

question

social cognition

answer

The aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations, and about social institutions.

question

social conventions

answer

The norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations.

question

behavioral decision theory

answer

An approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes.

question

social redefinition

answer

The process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society.

question

statutory rape

answer

Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent; in the United States, the specific age of consent varies from state to state.

question

child protectionists

answer

Individuals who argued, early in the 20th century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace.

question

inventionists

answer

Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention.

question

adolescence

answer

The second decade of life.

question

teenager

answer

A term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people; it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did \"adolescent.\"

question

youth

answer

Today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18-22; it once referred to individuals ages 12-24.

question

status offense

answer

A violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults.

question

juvenile justice system

answer

A separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency.

question

criminal justice system

answer

The system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime.

question

initiation ceremony

answer

The formal induction of a young person into adulthood.

question

scarification

answer

The intentional creation of scars on some part or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony.

question

circumcision

answer

A procedure in which some part of the genitals is cut and permanently altered.

question

female genital mutilation

answer

The cutting or removal of the clitoris, performed in some cultures as part of the initiation of female adolescents.

question

baby boom

answer

The period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.

question

continuous transitions

answer

Passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually.

question

discontinuous transitions

answer

Passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly.

question

collective efficacy

answer

A community's social capital, derived from its members' common values and goals.

question

Adolescents' thought processes, unlike those of children, are not necessarily tied to:

answer

abstract ideas.

question

How does the cognition of adolescents compare to that of children?

answer

Adolescents' thinking becomes multidimensional, rather than unidimensional

question

Adolescents develop the ability to draw logical conclusions based on a set of facts or premises, known as:

answer

deductive reasoning.

question

The monitoring of one's own cognitive activity during the process of thinking is:

answer

metacognition.

question

During adolescence, the brain may lose many of its redundant neuronal connections, leading to improved information processing, through a process known as:

answer

the imaginary audience.

question

Adolescents' egocentric and erroneous belief that their feelings and experiences are unique is known as the:

answer

personal fable.

question

The adolescent's ability to provide more sophisticated answers to complex questions is a result of the development of thought conducted:

answer

on multidimensional levels.

question

The adolescent's ability to understand sarcasm in comparison to a child is indicative of the advanced ability to engage in:

answer

multidimensional thinking.

question

When adolescents become extremely skeptical, and begin doubting the certainty of things that they had previously believed, they are demonstrating:

answer

adolescent relativism.

question

Which of the following best represents Keating's (2011) conclusions regarding differences in cognitive processes between children and adolescents?

answer

it is unlikely a single factor distinguishes thinking in childhood from adolescence

question

Given the choice, the fact that people are more likely to pull a lucky lottery ticket from an envelope of 100 tickets, of which 10 are lucky, compared to pulling a ticket from an envelope of 10 tickets, of which 1 is lucky—despite the fact that they know that the mathematical odds of pulling a lucky ticket are identical in the two scenarios—is an example of:

answer

the gap between competence and performance.

question

The large part of the brain that processes emotions, and may make individuals more emotional, more responsive to stress, and more likely to engage in reward-seeking and sensation-seeking behavior, is known as the:

answer

C) limbic system.

question

Piaget described the stage of cognitive development that emerges between adolescence and adulthood as the:

answer

formal operations period.

question

Piagetian theorists believe that the foundation of formal-operational thinking that clearly differentiates adolescents' thought from that of children is:

answer

abstract logical reasoning.

question

Piaget's theory of cognitive development would support which of the following conclusions regarding achievement of formal-operational thinking?

answer

not all adolescents, or adults, develop formal operational thinking

question

Improvements in all of the following domains during adolescence have been linked with the information processing perspective, except:

answer

adolescent egocentrism.

question

A different type of functional change in the brain involves changes in how the brain is affected by the activity of dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine and serotonin are examples of:

answer

neurotransmitters.

question

he fatty substance that acts as insulation around brain cells allowing them to function faster and more efficiently is known as:

answer

myelin.

question

Which of the following is not one of the regions of the prefrontal cortex that undergoes significant maturation during adolescence?

answer

the sensorimotor cortex

question

According to the textbook, scientists believe that much of the synaptic pruning that takes place in the frontal lobe during the mid-adolescent years is affected by:

answer

experience.

question

Full maturation of the _____ is not complete until sometime between adolescence and early adulthood. This part of the brain is in control of planning, decision-making, goal-setting, and metacognition.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

In regard to adolescent risk-taking behavior, researchers working from a behavioral decision theory framework have proposed that adolescents:

answer

are more attuned to the potential rewards than adults.

question

Compared with children, all of the following are true for adolescents, except:

answer

adolescents' feel more entitled to nurturance rights.

question

Which type of attention involves the ability to pay attention to two sets of stimuli at the same time?

answer

divided attention

question

According to Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, individuals possess intelligence that involves our ability to acquire, store, and process information, known as:

answer

contextual intelligence.

question

Which of the following is not an accurate description of the difference between child and adolescent thinking skills, from the perspective of information-processing theory?

answer

children have higher abilities in divided attention

question

Which of the following is not a common brain imaging technique used to study adolescent brain changes?

answer

computed tomography (CT)

question

Which of the following is generally true regarding the stability of IQ scores during adolescence?

answer

IQ scores are relatively stable even though adolescents' cognitive abilities improve dramatically

question

Lev Vygotsky is well known for his concept of the zone of proximal development, which states that individuals learn best when new information is:

answer

of moderate difficulty, but still within the individual's intellectual reach.

question

Overall, mental abilities increase at least until around age _____, after which they may level off and remain high throughout early and middle adulthood.

answer

20

question

The ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own is:

answer

known as theory of mind.

question

Individuals who have a higher need for _____ may be more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared to their peers.

answer

sensation seeking

question

All of the following may result from advancements in adolescent thinking capacities, except:

answer

adolescents become more likely to believe that exclusion is wrong.

question

With age, adolescents increasingly distinguish between:

answer

issues that authority figures have the right to regulate and issues that are their own personal choice.

question

All of the following statements about changes in social cognition between childhood and adolescence are false, except:

answer

A) adolescents become less able to see things from other vantage points. B) adolescents are less able to view social rules as subjective. C) adolescents develop a less differentiated understanding of social norms. D) all of these statements are false.

question

Which of the following techniques is not likely to reduce adolescent risk taking in the real world?

answer

classroom-based lessons that teach adolescents how to make better decisions

question

Which of the following statements about dual systems model is true?

answer

Adolescent behavior is a result of the interaction between two different thinking systems. B) Adolescents have two different thinking systems—one that is intuitive and gut-level and one that is deliberative and logical. C) The risk-taking peak in adolescence cannot be entirely due to logical reasoning deficiencies because adults do not always act logical. D) All of the statements are true.

question

The change in status and roles that occurs during adolescence is referred to as:

answer

social redefinition.

question

The writers who believe that adolescence, as a developmental period, is defined primarily by the ways society views it as distinct from childhood and adulthood are known as:

answer

inventionists.

question

In many societies, adolescents are not permitted to engage in certain behaviors until they have reached the ___, or the legal age for adult status.

answer

age of majority

question

Due in part to the increased affluence and economic freedoms enjoyed by American adolescents during the late 1940s and 1950s, this term arose to denote the frivolous and lighthearted nature of the period between childhood and adulthood.

answer

teenager

question

Who is the anthropologist who recognized that the transition to adulthood varies across cultures and also cohorts within the same culture?

answer

Ruth Benedict

question

A status offense could be illustrated by the behavior of an adolescent engaging in which behavior?

answer

not showing up for school

question

The textbook notes that all of the following are common practices in the process of social redefinition, except:

answer

the adolescent being banned from living in his/her parents' home.

question

In Latino communities, adolescent girls have a coming-out celebration known as a:

answer

quinceanara.

question

One of the aspects of social redefinition during adolescence entails the ___________ in physical appearance and social roles between males and females.

answer

accentuation of differences

question

Body piercings and tattoos in modern American society can be viewed as modern-day initiation ceremonies similar to those in third world tribal societies known as:

answer

scarification.

question

We have _____ universal markers of adulthood attainment.

answer

few

question

Which of the following was not an outcome of industrialization in the 19th century?

answer

more full-time job opportunities for adolescents in factories

question

Which of the following is most accurate in describing the clarity of social redefinition in contemporary society (i.e., the transition from adolescence to adulthood)?

answer

society does not send consistent messages about the transition

question

Research has indicated that American youth are likely to use which of the following to define adulthood?

answer

accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions

question

Many initiation ceremonies around the world employ some change in the external appearance of the individual who is entering adulthood:

answer

to help others in the community recognize the individual's adult status.

question

Of the following cultures, which produces adolescents who are least likely to fit the profile of an \"emerging adult\"?

answer

China

question

When the transition into adult roles is not very smooth, but instead is sudden, the transition is said to be:

answer

discontinuous.

question

Some people believe that the _____ in the passage into adulthood has become so great that many adolescents, especially _____, are having many difficulties transiting into adult roles.

answer

discontinuity; those not college-bound.

question

Which of the following was not suggested in the textbook as a means of making the transition into adulthood smoother for those not college-bound?

answer

students should be segregated from the workplace until after high school graduation

question

Census data and historical documents have led researchers to conclude that, in contrast to modern-day adolescents, adolescents of 100 years ago:

answer

were more likely to live under adult supervision for a longer time period.

question

Which of the following statements is true about home-leaving among contemporary youth in industrialized countries?

answer

Adolescents are living with their parents longer than adolescents 40 to 50 years ago.

question

Of all American 18- to -24-year-olds, approximately what percentage either live with or are supported by their parents?

answer

about 55%

question

According to the textbook, for whom would living with one's parents in late adolescence and early adulthood be characterized by positive feelings and close family relationships?

answer

Asian and Hispanic young adults

question

According to research cited in the textbook, adolescents who were exposed to Hurricane Katrina:

answer

showed excessive symptoms of exposure to stress.

question

In contemporary society, the best predictor of when an adolescent feels he has reached adult status is:

answer

their level of psychosocial maturity.

question

Which of the following is not a way in which modern society's views on adulthood differ from the views in traditional societies?

answer

increased importance of attaining specific roles in modern society

question

According to the textbook, today about _____ of American Adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of the century, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that nearly _____ of American adolescents will be non-White.

answer

45%; 66%

question

Contemporary adolescents are more likely to define adulthood with respect to _____ than to _____.

answer

psychological achievements; role transitions.

question

Today, the transition between childhood and adulthood ______ than it did/was in the past century. Tomorrow, it will probably _____.

answer

takes longer; take even longer

question

What surprising outcome was found regarding differences in the transition to adulthood between immigrant adolescents and adolescents from the same ethnic group who are native-born Americans?

answer

immigrant adolescents exhibited fewer problem behaviors

question

Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood's sense of:

answer

collective efficacy.

question

In impoverished neighborhoods that also have low collective efficacy, which of the following has been suggested?

answer

social problems may be contagious and may spread in the same manner as would a medical epidemic

question

Across all ethnic groups, poverty is associated with the greater likelihood of what type of parenting?

answer

punitive parenting

question

Daily exposure to ___ causes stress that increases the risk of emotional and behavioral problems.

answer

community violence

question

American jurors and the U.S. Supreme Court tend to agree that juveniles convicted of first-degree murder should be eligible for the death penalty when convicted of the crime at what age?

answer

18 or higher

question

What is a problem associated with studying the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development?

answer

A) poor families tend to live in poor neighborhoods B) it is difficult to separate the effects of neighborhood disadvantage from the effects of family disadvantage C) whether neighborhood disadvantage causes family functioning or whether better functioning families choose to live in better neighborhoods D) all of these statements are issues that neighborhood researchers have to take into account

question

The studies that have randomly assigned families from poor neighborhoods to either remain where they were living or be relocated into more advantaged neighborhoods have found _______.

answer

mixed effects

question

What might be a result from relocating poor families to more affluent neighborhoods?

answer

adolescents from poor families may have access to fewer community resources than they did in their old neighborhood

question

Most of the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development are:

answer

indirect.

Adolescent Development in the Family

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards