Addressing the Problem of Substance Abuse Essay Example

that alcohol abuse was not a matter of individual determination yet rather because of the alcohol itself. Surge tested the acknowledged conviction at the time that alcohol addiction was an ethical falling flat, along these lines advancing the idea of habit as a sickness. Per the University of Utah, previously, addiction was dealt with as a criminal offense, with serious religious petition, or in mental organizations, however this meant a movement to survey dependence as a sickness that could be overseen (Sobell & Sobell, 2013). In 1864, the New York State Inebriate Asylum, the main doctor's facility planned to exclusively regard alcohol abuse as an emotional wellness condition, was established.

As the general population saw alcohol addiction and related drug manhandle all the more genuinely, more group gatherings and calm houses started showing up. Today, a huge number of drug abuse restoration programs offer addicts an assortment of treatment methodologies, running from customary, prove based consideration to more trial or all-encompassing administrations. Since consideration ought to be redone as indicated by the individual patient, as a rule one's treatment administration will comprise of a scope of treatments that have been picked particularly for the person. According to Abuse (2013), taking after Prohibition and the Twenty-first Amendment, which toppled Prohibition, a noteworthy stride for the restoration development came in 1935, when Dr. Weave Smith and Bill Wilson – usually known as Dr.

Weave and Bill W. – established Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Utilizing a profoundly based way to deal with recovery, AA displayed an inviting situation where recouping drunkards could discover comfort and backing. From the AA position, different branches shaped, for example:  Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Cocaine Anonymous (CA),

and Marijuana Anonymous (MA) (Sobell & Sobell, 2013).

In our contemporary world, millions of the drug abuse rehabilitations programs have been adopted and offered for the addicts as a variety of the treatment approaches. Some of the methods that have been employed include the traditional, evidence-based care method all the way to the advanced and more experimental services offered by different groups and healthcare organizations. Meanwhile, care should be modified as per the specific patients, in most of the cases, some regime will have to be consisting of a wide range of therapies that are chosen with the main aim for the subject individual. Most of the blacks’ people are the one who are affected most because of the lack of the basic social amenities. The American history shows that the black community has been marginalized for over 100 years dating back to the slavery period, and even in our contemporary world. Secondly, the low-income earners are also mostly affected by the substance abuse as in comparison to the high-level income earners.

This is attributed to them looking to fight the low-self-esteem that comes with the failure to meet the basic need.

Family Dynamics in US

As defined by the Abuse (2012), the term family dynamics are the patterns of interactions among family members. In this section we address how different sections of the family are affected by the substance abuse in a detailed manner. As per the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) a noteworthy source of data on substance use, abuse, and reliance among Americans 12 years and more established. Overview respondents report whether they have utilized particular substances ever as a part

of their lives (lifetime), over the previous year, and over the previous month (likewise alluded to as "present use").

Most investigations spotlight on past-month use (Liao et al, 2012). Illegal drug use in the United States has been expanding. In 2013, an expected 24.6 million Americans aged 12 or more established—9.4 percent of the populace—had utilized an illegal drug as a part of the previous month. This number is up from 8.3 percent in 2002.

The expansion for the most part mirrors a late ascent being used of pot, the most regularly utilized unlawful drug. Cannabis use has expanded subsequent to 2007. In 2013, there were 19.8 million current clients—around 7.5 percent of individuals matured 12 or more seasoned—up from 14.5 million (5.8 percent) in 2007. Utilization of most drugs other than marijuana has settled over the previous decade or has declined. In 2013, 6.5 million Americans matured 12 or more seasoned (or 2.5 percent) had utilized doctor prescribed drugs nonmedical as a part of the previous month.

Doctor prescribed drugs incorporate agony relievers, sedatives, stimulants, and tranquilizers. Furthermore, 1.3 million Americans (0.5 percent) had utilized psychedelic drugs (a class that incorporates delight and LSD) in the previous month. Cocaine use has gone down in the most recent couple of years. In 2013, the quantity of current clients matured 12 or more seasoned was 1.5 million. This number is lower than in 2002 to 2007 (running from 2.0 million to 2.4 million).

Methamphetamine use was higher in 2013, with 595,000 current clients, contrasted and 353,000 clients in 2010 (Liao et al, 2012). According to Liao (2012), the vast majority use drugs interestingly when they are youngsters. There were a

little more than 2.8 million new clients of illegal drugs in 2013, or around 7,800 new clients for every day. Over half (54.1 percent) were under 18 years old. More than half of new unlawful drug clients start with marijuana. Next most basic are medicine torment relievers, trailed by inhalants (which is most normal among more youthful high scholars) Drug use is most astounding among individuals in their late teenagers and twenties.

In 2013, 22.6 percent of 18-to 20-year-olds reported utilizing an unlawful drug as a part of the previous month. Drug use is expanding among individuals in their fifties and mid-sixties. This increment is, to some extent, because of the maturing of the children of post war America, whose rates of unlawful drug use have verifiably been higher than those of past eras (Kellam et al, 2014).

Alcohol

Drinking by underage people (ages 12 to 20) has declined.

Current alcohol use by this age bunch declined from 28.8 to 22.7 percent somewhere around 2002 and 2013, while hitting the bottle hard declined from 19.3 to 14.2 percent and the rate of substantial drinking went from 6.2 to 3.7 percent. Orgy and substantial drinking are more across the board among men than ladies. In 2013, 30.2 percent of men and 16.0 percent of ladies 12 and more established reported voracious boozing in the previous month. Also, 9.5 percent of men and 3.3 percent of ladies reported overwhelming alcohol use.

Driving affected by alcohol has likewise declined somewhat. In 2013, an expected 28.7 million individuals, or 10.9 percent of people matured 12 or more established, had driven affected by alcohol at any rate once in the previous year, down

from 14.2 percent in 2002. In spite of the fact that this decay is empowering, any driving impaired remains a reason for concern.

Tobacco

Less Americans are smoking. In 2013, an expected 55.8 million Americans matured 12 or more seasoned, or 21.3 percent of the populace, were flow cigarette smokers. This mirrors a consistent yet moderate descending pattern from 2002, when the rate was 26 percent.

Adolescent smoking is declining all the more quickly. The rate of past-month cigarette use among 12-to 17-year-olds went from 13 percent in 2002 to 5.6 percent in 2013.

Substance Dependence/Abuse and Treatment

Rates of alcohol reliance/abuse declined from 2002 to 2013. In 2013, 17.3 million Americans (6.6 percent of the populace) were subject to alcohol or had issues identified with their alcohol use (abuse). This is a decrease from 18.1 million (or 7.7 percent) in 2002.

After alcohol, pot has the most elevated rate of reliance or abuse among all drugs. In 2013, 4.2 million Americans met clinical criteria for reliance or abuse of marijuana in the previous year—more than double the number for reliance/abuse of medicine agony relievers (1.9 million) and almost five times the number for reliance/abuse of cocaine (855,000). There keeps on being an expansive "treatment hole" in this nation. In 2013, an expected 22.7 million Americans (8.6 percent) required treatment for an issue identified with drugs or alcohol, however just around 2.5 million individuals (0.9 percent) got treatment at a claim to fame office (Kellam et al, 2014).

Demographics of Affected Populations

As per results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (PDF | 3.4 MB), the rate of current nonmedical utilization of

remedy psychotherapeutic drugs was 2.6% in men and 2.3% in ladies. Information from a 2012 Drug Abuse Warning Network report demonstrated that the extent of crisis division visits including nonmedical utilization of pharmaceuticals shifted by sex: for youth matured 15 to 17, the contrast between young ladies (45%) and young men (31%) was noteworthy.

Numerous youngsters believe that professionally prescribed drugs are more secure than unlawful drugs since they are recommended by a doctor, apportioned by a drug specialist, and fabricated by pharmaceutical organizations. As per a 2013 Monitoring the Future study, doctor prescribed drugs are the second-most manhandled classification of drugs, after weed. As per the National Institute on Drug Abuse, starting 2014, doctor prescribed drug abuse or manhandle is expanding among individuals in their fifties. More established grown-ups are prone to experience more issues with generally little measures of medicines due to expanded pharmaceutical affectability, and slower digestion system and disposal.

More seasoned grown-ups are at higher danger for prescription abuse than the all-inclusive community due to their lifted rates of torment, rest issue/sleep deprivation, and tension. They additionally may encounter intellectual decay, which could prompt uncalled for utilization of drugs: The mix of alcohol and solution abuse has been assessed to influence up to 19% of more established Americans; Approximately 25% of more established grown-ups use remedy psychoactive medicines that can possibly be abused and mishandled; Older grown-ups will probably take endorsed psychoactive meds for more timeframes than more youthful grown-ups (Abuse, 2013). SAMHSA's 2008 manual, Substance Abuse among Older Adults, offers rules for the ID, screening, appraisal, and treatment of more established individuals for alcohol manhandle and mishandle of doctor prescribed drugs or

over-the-counter drugs. There is additionally a work area reference doctor's aide of this asset.

Physician endorsed Drug Abuse and Abuse among Older Adults – 2012 (PDF | 348 KB) offers procedures for instruction, screening, and early mediations for aversion of professionally prescribed solution abuse and mishandle. Joining alcohol and medicines can be a wellbeing hazard for more established grown-ups. As individuals age, their bodies work all the more gradually to clear pharmaceuticals and alcohol. Alcohol can bring about unfriendly responses to numerous remedy and over-the-counter drugs.

Perused cautioning marks, and ask your treatment or administration supplier about the impacts of drinking alcohol while utilizing your drugs.

Contributing Factors

Drug abuse is regularly ascribed to an absence of resolution or discretion, implying that individuals who have addictions settle on a cognizant decisions to take part in their ruinous conduct, however specialists realize that a few types of compulsion have their roots somewhere down in the cells of individuals who use drugs. The American Psychological Association, for instance, expresses that about portion of a man's propensity toward drug enslavement can be faulted for hereditary components. The part of qualities can be mind boggling, and they can play out contrastingly in various individuals, however qualities have been connected to: an expanded euphoric reaction to drugs; a diminished capacity to feel pessimistic reactions to drugs; a brisk response to drugs, when those drugs may bring about moderate responses in others; a snappy jump to monotonous practices of different kinds, i.e., an "addictive identity." The world isn't generally a protected spot in which to live, and now and again, individuals are presented to injury, including: Physical squabbles; Sexual misuse; Verbal misuse; Neglect;

Accidents; Natural calamities; Terrorism. The relationship between emotional sickness and drug abuse is entirely solid, with the National Alliance on Mental Illness reporting that more than one-portion of all drug abusers are additionally managing a dysfunctional behavior issue.

For a few, the drug abuse comes as they endeavor to manage the trouble and agony that an emotional instability can bring about. For others, the drug misuse triggers a progression of chain responses that can permit an emotional sickness to flourish and develop (Kellam et al, 2014). It's regularly said that teenagers use drugs when their companions do. Utilizing drugs permits these youngsters to fit in with their companions and mix in with the group, and it may likewise give high schoolers something to do when the days become long and they're worn out on their TVs, PCs and computer games. Grown-ups, notwithstanding, can likewise be affected by the general population they live with.

Life partners, for instance, can give a goad to drug use. On the off chance that one companion utilizes drugs, the other may participate, planning to comprehend the appeal. The once-calm mate may likewise utilize drugs as a peace-production exertion. Rather than quarreling over the drugs, the two may utilize tranquilizes together. While it may at first appear to be amicable, this demonstration can permit a dependence on bloom (Abuse, 2012). Now and again, the way a man thinks and the way a man responds in a given circumstance can prompt drug abuse.

For instance, a few people are hasty, and they're given to just following up on a boost as opposed to thoroughly considering their choices and settling on choices in light of future

outcomes and current advantages. Impulsivity like this could permit individuals to try different things with abuses, while individuals who are more wary may never set out to do as such. A study in the diary Health Psychology additionally found a connection between abuse use and identity components, for example, poor discretion and a "troublesome personality." People like this may have couple of companions and a failure interface with others, and abuses may appear like a perfect approach to calm their agony. It's sensible to say that identity qualities like this could prompt drug abuse.

The Effect of Drug Abuse on Families

A growing body of literature proposes that substance misuse effectually affects diverse family structures. For instance, the guardian of little kids may endeavor to make up for inadequacies that his or her substance?abusing mate has created as a result of that substance misuse.

Regularly, kids may go about as surrogate life partners for the guardian who mishandle substances. For instance, youngsters may create elaborate frameworks of disavowal to secure themselves against the truth of the guardian's dependence. Since that choice does not exist in a single?parent family with a guardian who mishandle substances, kids are liable to carry on in a way that is not age?appropriate to adjust for the parental inadequacy. Then again, the maturing guardians of grown-ups with substance use issue may keep up improperly subordinate associations with their developed posterity, missing the essential "dispatching stage" in their relationship, so fundamental to the maturational procedures of all relatives included (Abuse, 2013). The impacts of substance manhandle oftentimes stretch out past the atomic family.

More distant family individuals may encounter sentiments of deserting, nervousness, dread,

outrage, concern, humiliation, or blame; they may wish to overlook or cut ties with the individual manhandling substances. Some relatives even may feel the requirement for legitimate assurance from the individual mishandling substances. Also, the consequences for families may proceed for eras. Intergenerational impacts of substance misuse can negatively affect part displaying, trust, and ideas of standardizing conduct, which can harm the connections between eras. For instance, a kid with a guardian who mishandle substances may grow up to be an overprotective and controlling guardian who does not permit his or her youngsters adequate self-rule. Neighbors, companions, and colleagues likewise encounter the impacts of substance misuse on the grounds that a man who manhandle substances frequently is untrustworthy.

Companions might be requested that assistance monetarily or in different ways. Associates might be compelled to adjust for diminished profitability or convey a lopsided offer of the workload. As a result, they may dislike the individual manhandling substances. Individuals who misuse substances are liable to get themselves progressively disengaged from their families. Frequently they favor taking up with other people who misuse substances or take part in some other type of withdrawn movement. These partners bolster and fortify each other's conduct.

Diverse treatment issues develop in light of the age and part of the individual who utilizes substances as a part of the family and on whether little youngsters or teenagers are available. At times, a family may show a solid face to the group while substance misuse issues lie just underneath the surface. Abuse (2012) portrays a few trademark examples of cooperation, one or a greater amount of which are liable to be available in a family that

incorporates guardians or youngsters manhandling liquor or illegal medications:

1. Negativism. Any correspondence that happens among relatives is negative, appearing as grievances, feedback, and different articulations of dismay. The general state of mind of the family unit is unequivocally downbeat, and positive conduct is overlooked. In such families, the best way to get consideration or breathe life into the circumstance is to make an emergency. This pessimism may serve to fortify the substance misuse.
2. Parental irregularity. Standard setting is flighty, implementation is conflicting, and family structure is deficient.

   Kids are confounded on the grounds that they can't make sense of the limits of good and bad. Therefore, they may act gravely in the trust of getting their folks to define plainly characterized limits. Without known points of confinement, youngsters can't anticipate parental reactions and change their conduct appropriately. These irregularities have a tendency to be available paying little respect to whether the individual manhandling substances is a guardian or tyke and they make a feeling of perplexity—a key component—in the youngsters.

3. Parental foreswearing. In spite of evident cautioning signs, the parental position is: (1) "What drug/liquor issue? We don't see any medication issue!" or (2) after powers mediate: "You are incorrect! My kid does not have a medication issue!"
4. Miscarried articulation of outrage. Kids or guardians who despise their sincerely denied home and are reluctant to express their shock use drug misuse as one approach to deal with their stifled outrage.
5. Self-medication.

   Either a guardian or youngster will utilize medications or liquor to adapt to terrible musings or sentiments, for example, serious tension or misery.

6. Unrealistic parental desires. On the off chance that parental desires are farfetched,
   

kids can pardon themselves from every single future desire by saying, fundamentally, "You can't expect anything of me—I'm only a pothead/speed monstrosity/addict." Alternatively, they may work fanatically to overachieve, at the same time feeling that regardless of what they do it is never adequate, or they may joke and jokester to divert the agony or may pull back to side?step the torment. On the off chance that desires are too low, and kids are told all through youth that they will surely come up short, they have a tendency to adjust their conduct to their folks' expectations, unless important grown-ups mediate to solid, positive, and strong messages.

In these cases, what is required is a rebuilding of the whole family framework, including the relationship between the guardians and the connections between the guardians and the youngsters. The following area examines treatment issues in various family structures that incorporate a man who is manhandling substances.

Some of the method that has been undertaken by both the families of the affected individuals and the government is to come up with rehabilitation programs that tries to incorporate the good vices to the addicted persons and incorporate them back to the society. This include carrying out campaign that aims to encourage the society not to stigmatize the affected people but show them love so that they may feel part and parcel of the community.

EBP Family-based Treatment Models

When the term “evidence-based practice” is used to describe a treatment or service, it means that the treatment or service has been studied, usually in an academic or community setting, and has been shown to be effective, in repeated studies of

the same practice and conducted by several investigative teams. In this case study, we selected two EBP model: (1) Stages of Change: The Stages of Change model includes progress through a progression of stages, and is intended to assess an individual's availability to change. Like other proof based practice models, it takes into consideration confirmation to be considered and checked consistently all through the procedure. There is an inalienable criticism circle that considers the patients' needs and advance.

(2) Parents as Teachers (PAT): This model is one of the execution models that goes with ETO programming. It is intended to address the issues of the individuals who get government Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting program subsidizing. For this case study, I adopted the stages of change model as it was the best suited to accommodate the addicted individuals from one phase to another in their rehabilitation process. The model was designed in a manner that after implementation, it will follow-up that will allow our team to examine and focus on its effectiveness in curbing the substance abuse especially among the youth.

Field Practicum

In the field case study, we observed that most of the families that were affected by the substance abuse menace was from low-level income earners. Men were the most affected due to their behavioral nature as compared to women. As a social worker, I planned to undertake a major campaign in the neighborhood that would encourage these folks to seek for economic empowerment as I believe this is the only way that there indulging in drugs can end. Also these programs would institute rehabilitation programs for the addicted individuals as a medication

measure.

Interventions Method Used in the Field

Some of the intervention method that we analyzed in our field study included: Counseling an addiction expert, for example, a liquor and addictions expert, social laborer, therapist, specialist, or interventionist, can help you sort out a powerful mediation.

A substance use or dependence expert will check the specific circumstances encompassing the liquor or medication use, propose the best approach, and give direction to what sort of treatment and subsequent arrangement is prone to work best.

Implementation of the Change Model

Introduction: this involved getting the participant to know how about the importance of quitting substance abuse. In this stage, participant and their family members were told that they are crucial component of society and encouraged to participate in it. Implementation: in this stage, the addicted persons were encouraged or assisted to join rehabilitation center so that their behavior can be monitored by the expert, also they were given medication to lessen their dependence on drugs. Follow-up: this involved programs that were set up to ensure that the behaviors of these people was closely monitored so as to reduce the chances of them going back to the drugs again.

In terms of diversity, social justice, and social work values that were incorporated in the field study made it different from the other helping professionals in the sense that it involved such measures as; it instituted the prevention of the substance abuse as it invested in the American Youth and also providing them with the accurate information concerning the subject matter. Secondly, it has also included the effort of the international bodies that drug control effort should be demilitarized and focus on

economic development. The rehabilitation method of treatment that was selected for this case study encouraged more addicted person to avail themselves for the programs as there was no fear of victimization and their privacy was guaranteed. All these rehabilitation programs has impacted to the families as they can now avoid using the funds that were used for medication and the purchases of drugs can go to meeting social basic needs.

Conclusion

Despite the overwhelming education that different organizations are carrying out in a bid to curb substance abuse. The emergence of elite group of drug lord that are untouchable in our society means that this menace will stay with us in the decade to come unless drastic measures are taken.

Government need to tighten their punitive measures to the drug trafficking, put more emphasis on the border patrols and encourage the economic development as many people are poor and depressed thus resulting to drug abuse. This is also a collective thing, as a society we need to be involved and accept our brothers who have been affected. This can be achieved by showing them love, building rehabilitation center for them and encouraging them to be economically independent again. This is the only way we can achieve a drug-free society.

References

1. Abuse, S. (2012). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: MentalHealth Findings.
2. Abuse, S. (2013). Mental Health Services Administration (2010) Results from the 2009 national survey on drug use and health: Volume I. summary of national findings. Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No.

   SMA, 10-4586.

3. Abuse, S. (2013). Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates
   

of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. HHS publication no.(SMA), 13, 4760.