Adam Norris APUSH Review – Flashcards

1491-1607; Native life prior to contact and Columbian Exchange

One year prior to European contact

First permanent English settlement—Jamestown

corn, grown by Natives in the SW US and Mexico

lack of resources, led to nomadic lifestyles

exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

racially mixed populations (in Americas)

potatoes led to large population growth, increase in capitalism

slave trade—middle passage (spanish and portuguese in West Africa)

royal grants of land by the Spanish Crown to settlers

independence, self-rule (Africans and Natives sought to preserve their _____ after contact with Europeans)

1607-1754; European colonization, with England representing a significant amount of focus

comparing and contrasting European powers; characteristics of British colonies

Beginning of the Seven Years War

established by Puritans—like minded community (John Winthrop), mix of agriculture and commerce

Cereal crops—religiously, demographically, and ethnically diverse

Grew tobacco; relied on indentured servants, and later African slaves

Grew staple crops (sugar), heavy use of slave labor; Africans made up a majority of the population in some areas

Native American rebellion in SW portion of US against Spanish, b/c Spanish sought to end Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity. Spanish eventually regained control and began to advocate the religious assimilation of natives

process of colonies "becoming" or taking on British characteristics

1) anglicization of British colonies

2) anglicization of British colonies

focus on reason and intelligence; individuals began to question forms of government (esp. monarchs)

Separation of Powers (three branches of government)

Consent of the Governed

goal is to make money for the mother country; positive balance of trade that favors mother counry

1754-1800; shift in relationship between the British and Colonists, which ultimately culminates in the American revolution; structure of American government is also a focus

7 Years War as a turning point, American Revolution as a turning point, and comparing and contrasting the Articles and Constitution

Jefferson's election

WATERSHED EVENT: fought between the British/colonists and the French/natives; started by George Washington in Ohio Valley; Britain won and France is removed from North America

Britain ends salutary neglect, begins to tax colonies--> colonies resistance

Tax on fifty commonly-used goods against the colonists; colonists form Stamp Act Congress and boycott stamp act; repeal of Stamp Act by British; Declaratory Act saying that Br. can pass anything that they want in the future

term that always deals with colonists

Enlightenment thinker, urged the colonists to break away from Great Britain; helped influence Declaration of independence

written by Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin, inspired by Common Sense and Enlightenment thinkers; list of grievances against KG3

US won in spite of: loyalist opposition, military and financial advantages by Great Britain; because of — support from Europe (France), ideological commitment

huge turning point in war in 1777; as a result, France begins to give support and aid to the US

purposely created a very weak central government; could not tax, no national military, 9/13 states to pass laws, all 13 states were required to amend Articles

Process for admitting states into Union (60,000 inhabitants); outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory; established public education

Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, etc.

based on federalism and separation of powers; series of compromises with limits on national powers; postponed a solution to the problems of slavery

prevents one branch/level of government from abusing

Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise, and Slave Trade Compromise

established a bicameral legislature, one house based on population (House of Representatives), one had equal representation per state (Senate); combined New Jersey and Virginia Plans

60% of slaves would count as population towards representation in the House (South favored it because it gave the South more representation in the House)

outlawed int'l slave trade after 1808

list of rights guaranteed to individuals added after the Constitutional Convention, not a part of the original Constitution; satisfied anti-federalists to ratify the Constitution

French Revolution; Haiti and Latin America experienced rebellions as well

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas as well; led to divisions between Jefferson and Hamilton (birth of the political parties)

Foreign alliances; political parties

led to political parties; Hamilton thinks US should stay out of it, Jefferson thinks US should help France b/c they helped us in the Revolutionary War

Encouraged women to raise children and instill republican values in their families; women gained more access to education

1800-1848; focuses on the Market Revolution, the increase in democracy, and several reforms inspired by the Second Great Awakening

Reform movements inspired by the 2nd Great Awakening; Westward Expansion and impact on slavery; impact of Market Revolution on regions of the US

Seneca Falls Convention—Women's Rights Convention

First political parties, formed in response to Hamilton's financial plan and the French Revolution

Political party: upper-class, advocate a loose interpretation of the Constitution, pro-British (trade), favored merchants, liked the BUS (bank of the US)

Jeffersonians—commoners, middle-class, advocated a strict interpretation (pre LA Purchase), pro-French (Rev. War), favored farmers, and disliked the BUS

Democrats and Whigs

Formed in response to to Andrew Jackson, or "King Andrew I"; favored tariffs, a strong Congress, BUS, and internal improvements

party of the "common man," favored universal, white male suffrage, Spoils System, wanted lower tariffs

1803; beginning of Manifest Destiny; doubles size of US; Jefferson switches from strict to loose interpretation

Helped assert federal power over state laws and determined the meaning of the Constitution

Establishes judicial review—SCOTUS is able to say what is constitutional and what is not

Supreme Court ruled that the federal government, NOT states controlled interstate trade (trade on a river between NY and NJ)

defended in the South, seen as a "positive good"

inspired many to achieve perfection; focused on secular reforms, especially abolitionism and women's rights

fear of foreigners, similar to nativism

ex. spinning Jenny, allowed for an increased production in cloth

allowed boats to go against the current and increased trade on rivers

Eli Whitney, increased production of goods

Erie ___ led to an increase in shipping and helped connect NYC to Chicago

esp. in 1840s, created faster shipment of goods and people and negatively impacted canals

spread of information more quickly across the US

steel plow (break soil), McCormick reaper (harvest crops)

Henry Clay's system sought to unify the national economy. 1) BUS, 2) Tariffs which would protect American businesses and (3) fund internal improvements like roads and canals; connected the North and Midwest more than the South (invested in agriculture)

Irish settled in cities, Germans on the frontier as farmers (East and Midwest)—interdependence between the Northeast and Old Northwest

Transformation in how goods were produced—more outside the home; increase in technology and transportation as well

Major political issues, regional interests trumped over national concerns

Hartford Convention, Nullification Crisis

1830s: South Carolina nullified some tariffs (federal government law)

MO added as slave state, ME added as free state, 36˚30'—above free, below slave (applies only to Louisiana Purchase); short-term solution; eventually the Compromise breaks down (Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott)

Amendment to Missouri Compromise that was never passed; proposed the gradual emancipation of slaves in MO; South feared this could eventually lead to the end of slavery

1844-1877; analyzes the causes for, and impacts of Manifest Destiny including tensions, the Civil War, and ultimately, the end of Reconstruction in 1877

Change and Continuity for African Americans; The Civil War and Reconstruction as turning points

Election of James K. Polk (height of manifest destiny)

End of Reconstruction

Belief that it was the US' God-given right to expand; built on a belief in white racial superiority and American cultural superiority

1844 election - Clay (against) v. Polk (for)

Example of manifest destiny; US won, gained the Mexican Cession -> led to controversy over slavery in the territories

proposed that slavery would be banned in all land gained from the Mexican Cession; huge debate in Congress, never passed, belief of many Northerners

US sought to expand trade to other areas of the world; Matthew Perry in Japan

"old immigrants"-prior to Civil War

Anti-Catholic, hoped to limit the power of the immigrants—Know-Nothing Party (created for sole purpose of being nativist)

Homestead Act, Morill Land Grant

sold 160 acres of land for a very low fee to encourage westward settlement

sold land and provided money for colleges

small portion of the North, although were highly visible

Fierce arguments; helping slaves runaway; violence

William Lloyd Garrison, weekly newspaper The Liberator; said that slavery should end immediately and that slaveowners should not be paid

Underground railroad

John Brown; Nat Turner's rebellion

"positive good" (John C. Calhoun) and racist stereotyping ("Jim Crow" minstrel shows—blackface, mocking African Americans)

Compromise of 1850; Kansas-Nebraska Act; Dred Scott

Created to address the land from the Mexican Cession; country is on the brink of Civil War; 1) Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession, 2) a new, more strict Fugitive Slave Law, 3) Slave trade in DC was abolished, 4) California is admitted to the Union as a free state—tipped the balance in favor of free states, 5) Texas was paid $ to give up claims to bordering states

North detested the Fugitive Slave Law—helped increase the abolitionist movement and non-enforcement of the law (Personal liberty laws were essentially nullification)

Steven Douglas (D-IL) sought to build a RR through the Nebraska territory; he proposed this act, which would allow for proper sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska; the expectation was that Kansas would be slave, Nebraska would be free; overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820; abolitionist voters turn out in full force in Kansas -> Bleeding Kansas (small-scale Civil War)

1857 Supreme Court Case that sought to settle the slavery question in territories; rules that 1) African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in court, 2) slaves were property, could not be taken without "due process", 3) and Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories; North was furious, this increased tensions between the North and the South

Started as a sectional party in the North and Midwest; made of many former Whigs

Lincoln ran on a free-soil platform; this did not mean slavery would end, rather he opposed the extension of slavery

Immediate cause of the Southern Secession, and ultimately the Civil War

freed slaves in areas of rebellion; could be compared with the Gettysburg Address or the 13th Amendment

Changed the purpose of the war; increase in black soldiers joining the military; helped keep Europe from aiding the South

Military leadership (Grant and Sherman), Effective Strategies (Anaconda Plan, March to the Sea), Key Victories (Antietam), more resources and people

1865, abolished slavery; South tried to get around it with sharecropping

Freedmen worked on farms and exchanged labor for using land and housing; half of their crops were typically given to the land owner; sharecroppers had to borrow money to get started and local stores gave loans at high rates (crop lien system)

Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner: sought to increase power in the South and increase rights for African Americans; not successful because Reconstruction ended in the Compromise of 1877 and because of the North's waning resolve to assist African Americans

Granted citizenship to African Americans and those born in the US, provided equal protection of the laws

Provided the right to vote for all adult males

Split: some favored providing suffrage for blacks prior to suffrage for women, others did not support it unless women were granted suffrage as well

Rights were stripped away from African Americans through 1) Segregation—Jim Crow (upheld by Supreme Court cases such as Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal"), 2) Violence—KKK and the White League, lynching, 3) Local political tactics—poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses; in the future, these amendments will be used to uphold civil rights

1865-1898; focuses on Gilded Age, Social Darwinism, the Growth of labor Unions, the Populist Party, and continued US expansion out West

Comparing and contrasting goals of farmers and industrial workers; successes/failures of Reconstruction during this time period

End of the Civil War

Beginning of the Spanish American War (US imperialism/overseas expansion)

coined by Mark Twain; on the surface, things appeared as if they were good, but many problems lied underneath; political debates focused on tariffs (republicans raise, democrats down), currency (republicans favor gold standard, populists favor free, unlimited coinage of silver), corporate expansion (monopolies and trusts)