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BIOMECHANICS

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principles of physics related to energy and force as they apply to the human body

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PROXIMAL

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CLOSER TO THE TRUNK

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DISTAL

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further from the trunk

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SUPERIOR (CRANIAL)

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above, toward the head

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INFERIOR (CAUDAL)

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lower than, toward the feet

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ANTERIOR (VENTRAL)

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toward the front

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POSTERIOR (DORSAL)

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toward the back

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MEDIAL

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closer to the midline

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LATERAL

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further from the midline

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THREE CARDINAL BODY PLANES

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sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane

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SAGITTAL PLANE

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makes a division into right and left portions

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FRONTAL PLANE

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makes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

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TRANSVERSE PLANE

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makes a division into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

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ROTATION

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movement around a longitudinal axis, either toward or away from the midline

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CIRCUMDUCTION

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a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

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EVERSION

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turning the sole of the foot away from the midline

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INVERSION

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turning the sole of the foot toward the midline

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Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum...

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AXIAL SKELETON

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)

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serves as the main axial support for the body

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4 Major curvatures of the adult vertebral column

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cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, sacral curve

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KYPHOSIS "primary curves"

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curves of the thoracic and sacral regions

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LORDOSIS "secondary curves"

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curves of the cervical and lumbar region

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Commonly found abnormal curves in the sagittal plane

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hyperkyphosis and hyperlordosis

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HYPERKYPHOSIS

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exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature

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HYPERLORDOSIS

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exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature

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Commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane

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scoliosis

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STERNUM

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midline of the chest

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What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

answer

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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RF for family history

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myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or sudden death to a 1st degree family member when >55 male, >65 female

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RF for cigarette smoking

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within 6 months

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Risk factor for Dyslipidemia LDL

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Lgreater than 130 mg/dL

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RF Dyslipidemia Total Cholesterol

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greater than 200 mg/dL

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RF Dyslipidemia low HDL

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less than 40 mg/dL

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RF Sedentary minutes of activity, days of week, past # of months

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less than 30 min/day, 3 days/week, for at least 3 months

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RF Prediabetes fasting blood glucose

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greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL up to 126

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greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL

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Fasting Blood Glucose for Diabetes diagnosis

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RF for Obesity

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body mass of greater then or equal to 30kg/m2; waist girthgreater than 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women

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RF Age men, women

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45 men, 55 women

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Negative Risk Factor

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HDL greater than 60 mg/dL

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RF for hypertensive

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systolic greater than or equal to 140; diastolic greater then or equal to 90; confirmed by 2 separate occasions or on hypertension meds

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obesity

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excessivly high amounts of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass

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overweight

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increased body weight, in relation to height when compared to some standard of acceptable or desirable weight

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percent fat

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the total amount of weight that is measured as fat tissue

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body mass index BMI

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the height to weight ratio can be misleading because it does not consider body type

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lean body mass

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not fat tissue: muscle, bone, skin etc

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anorexia nervosa

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the disorder of self-induced starvation

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bulimia nervosa

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the psychologically addictive cycle of binging/purging

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USRDA food pyramid

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1. fat, oils & sweets: use sparingly 2. milk, yogurt &cheese 2-3 servings; 3. meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, nuts, eggs: 2-3 servings; 4. fruits: 3-5 serv; 5. veggies: 3-5 serv. 6. bread, cereal, rice, & pasta: 6-11 serv

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female athlete triad

answer

amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and eating disorders; when left untreated they damage the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems

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# of kilocalories in one gram

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Carbo= 4; fats=9; protein=4; alcohol=7

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guidelines for losing weight

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500-1000 cal daily to lose 1-2 lbs. per wk; same to increase

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kilocalaries

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equivalent to losing 1 lb of fat 3500cal

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waist-hip ratio

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Hips/Waist (ex. 45" waist and 36" hips... 36/45=.8) ratios above .86 for women and .95 for men indicate abdominal adiposity

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Heart Rate (HR)

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total # of times the heart contracts in one minute, increases with work-rate during exercise

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Stroke Volume

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amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one beat

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Cardiac Output

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the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute

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Blood Pressure

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arterial pressure providing force for blood flow (systolic and diastolic pressure)

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Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

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difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood

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Blood Flow

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distribution of the cardiac output

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Maximum Oxygen Consumption

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highest rate and amount of oxygen achieved at maximal physical exertion

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Types of muscle tissue

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cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

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Cardiac muscle

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cardiac muscle tissue is involuntary, it is the tissue of the heart

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smooth muscle

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involuntary muscle tissue that lines the arterial walls and organs of the body

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skeletal muscle

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voluntary and made up of striated fibers

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Kinesiology

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the study of human movement

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Bones

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mineral reservior, internal skeleton (levers)

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joints

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where two bones meet (fulcrum and axis)

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muscle tissue

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elastic tissue with contractile properties (pulley)

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tendons

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connective tissue that connects muscles to bone

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ligaments

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connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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cartilage

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white fibrous tissue that cushions surfaces and prevents friction (cushions bones)

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anterior/posterior

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front/ back

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inferior/superior

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below/ above

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medial/lateral

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closer to midline/further from midline

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proximal/distal

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closer to trunk/further from trunk

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abduction/adduction

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movement away/into from midline

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horizontal abduction

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the row

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horizontal adduction

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chest press

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supination/ pronation

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rotational movement, results in the palm facing upward/downward

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flexion

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decrease joint angle (elbow curl)

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extension

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increase in joint angle

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lateral flexion

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decrease in joint angle (spine side bend, love handles)

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Physical Activity

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bodily (musculoskeletal movement leading to caloric expenditure

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Exercise

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movement done for improvement in one or more components of fitness

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5 components of Physical Fitness

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a group of characteristics a person achieves/possesses related to physical activity and cardiorepiratory, muscle endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, body composition

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cardiorespiratory

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increases the capacity of the heart, lungs, and blood carrying vessels to deliver oxygen; also called aerobic fitness

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muscle endurance

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refers to a muscle's ability to perform repeated contractions or hold static contractions

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muscle strength

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the amount of force a muscle can exert in a single all-out effort (1 Rep Mas/1RM)

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flexibility

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refers to a joint's range of mobility (ROM)

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Body Composition

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refers to th ratio of lean body mass compared to fat mass

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Principle of Adaptation/Overload Training and Progression

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-greater then normal demand is placed upon muscles, -to enhance the muscular fitness, the system must be progressively overloaded -tension required for strength gain is about 60% - 80% of 1RM -fleck and kraemer recommend 75 - 90% Progression involves increasing/changing one or more of the exercise training components to promote adaptations

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Principle of Specificity of Training

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The body adapts to specific exercise training stimulus with specific physical and physiological adaptations.

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Cardio adaptations

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-resting heart rate decreases by approx 10 - 15 bpm -SV increases both at rest and during exercise -Resting SBP/DBP may decrease (if prev elevated)

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Exercise Program Components

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(FITTE) Frequency, Intensity, Time/Duration, Type/Mode, Enjoyment

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Warm up Considerations

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Should include appropriate cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal activity

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Cool Down Considerations

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Appropriate cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal activity serving to enhance venous return and decrease the chance of postexercise hypotension during recovery

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Initial treatment for Musculoskeletal injury for the first 24-72 hrs

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(RICES) rest (prevents further injury, ice (reduces pain, swelling, and initiates inflammatory response) compression (reduces swelling and bleeding) elevation (controls edema and decreases blood flow) stabilization (assists in muscle relaxation, diminishing spasm

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Symptoms of Angina (chest pain) and myocardial infaction (heart attack)

answer

a. chest pain, b. pressure discomfort in the chest, c.left jaw, neck or shoulder-may radiate distally, d. shortness of breath and lightheadedness, e. back pain, which may be experienced by some women

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Treatment for chest pain and heart attack symptoms

answer

a. stop exercise immediately and place person ina comfortable sitting or lying position, b. 911, monitor HR, and be prepared to begin CPR, c. Automated External Defibrillator AED may be used if cardiac arrest

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Signals of heat exhaustion

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a. cool, moist pale, ashen, or flushed skin b. headache, nausea, dizziness, c. weakness, exhaustion d. heavy sweating e. body temp will be near normal

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Signals of heat stroke

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1. red, hot dry skin 2. rapid weak pulse, shallow breathing 3. changes in the level of consciousness 4. vomiting 5. body temp will be very high as high as 105

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Hydration recommendations according to ACSM

answer

approx. 3-6 ounces of water every 1-2 miles of the race

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ATP-PC phosphagen system (anaerobic)

answer

25-30 seconds of high intesity work (spints, weight lifting)

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Anaerobic Glycolysis/Lactic Acid System (anaerobic)

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1-2 min of high intensity work 400-800m distance sprint

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Oxygen System (aerobic)

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fuels activities lasting more than 2-3 min. Capacity is limited only by oxygen and fuel avail. to the cell

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Ipsilateral

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same Side

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Contralateral

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opposite side

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unilateral

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one side

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bilateral

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both sides

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supine

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lying face up

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prone

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lying face down

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upper respiratory system

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nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx ...filters air

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lower respiratory system

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trachea, bronchi, bronchiloes, alveoli...puts oxygen into blood

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anatomical sites of pulse

answer

carotid, brachial, radial, femoral

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type 1 fibers

answer

slow twitch, slow oxidative and red twitch fibers (aerobic)

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type IIA fibers

answer

have aerobic and anaerobic capabilities and refered to as intermediate fibers, continuum fibers, fast oxidative glycolitic fibers

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type IIB

answer

anaerobic in nature. refered as fast glycolitic fibers

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sliding filament theory

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the events that occur b/w actin and myosin during muscle contraction and relaxation -when nerve impulse is received, the cross bridges of myosin will put the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere and tension is created

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neuromuscular activation

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stimulus for vol. physical activity initiates in the brain and is then transformed into a movement pattern

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antihypertensive meds

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reduces high blood pressure

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anti-anginal

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reduces angina/chest pain

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brochodilator

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relaxes bronchial passageways

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hypoglycemic

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reduces blood sugar

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anti-arrhythmic

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prevents/controls abnormal heart rhythms

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psychotropic

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affects behavior

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antihistamine

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prevents system of allergic response

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vasodilator

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widens blood vessal

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beta-blocker

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reduces resting and exercise heart rate and blood pressure

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caffine

answer

may extend endurance in moderate aerobic exercise

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alcohol

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dehydrating-may impair exercise tolerance and increase risk of heart injury

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nicotine

answer

may elevate HR,BP and respiratory response

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A.O.M.S

answer

Acute-onset muscle soreness; muscle fatigue and discomfort dimininishes when exercise stops

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D.O.M.S

answer

delayed onset muscle soreness;muscle discomfort 24-36 hr after exercise

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overuse/chronic muscle and joint injury

answer

tendonitis, fasciitis, bursitis, osteoarthritis

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tendonitis

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inflammation of a tendon

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fasciitis

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inflammation of the fascia; fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together in much the same manner as plastic wrap can be used to hold the contents of sandwiches together

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bursitis

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Bursitis is inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) that lies between a tendon and skin, or between a tendon and bone

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osteoarthritis

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chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints

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normal acute cardiorespiratory response to aerobic exercise

answer

elevated HR, SV, Cardiac output, BP, Blood Flow, Arteriovenous oxygen difference, pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption

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pulmonary ventilation

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vol of air exchanged per minute

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Force

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any interaction b/w 2 objects producing a change in magnitude or direction of motion

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torque

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rotary force

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1st class lever

answer

primarly for balance;see saw, head on cervical vertebrea

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2nd class lever

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primarly for power; wheel borrw, plater flexion during walking

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3rd class lever

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range of motion; shovel, exbow flexion; we use this the most

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isometric/static contraction

answer

tension is created within the muscle fiber, but the fiber change length and there is no change in joint angle F=R

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Isotonic/dynamic contraction

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muscle fibers change length and joint angles; Work= force x distance; can concentric or eccentric

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concentric

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muscle fibers creating cross bridges while shortening in length against the pull of gravity F>R

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eccentric

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muscle fibers creating cross bridges while returning to resting length while going with gravity R>F

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Isokinetic

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variable force w. accommodating speed

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agonist

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muscle responsible for producing joint movement ex. bicep during curl

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antagonist

answer

opposing muscle to the prime mover

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synergists

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muscles involved in stabilizing, fixating or assisting at the joint

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SPIES

answer

Social: support systems Physical: physical/phyiological well-being Intellectual: Open to Learn Emotional:Coping Skills Spiritual:living in harmony

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Transtheoretical Model stages of change

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Pre-contemplation: not ready to exercise Contemplation: thinking about behavior change Preparation:doing something related to exercise, but not meeting the guidelines Action: meeting set criteria of at least 6 months Maintenance: met criteria of 6 months, and continuing

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internal/external rotation

answer

transverse plane rotation towards/away from midline

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retraction/protraction

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scapula toward (add) and away from midline (abd)

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hyperextension

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extension beyond normal degree of extension

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Work =

answer

Force x distance = work

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dose response

answer

sedentary individuals will demonstrate significicant improvements in fitness early in training program

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regular physical activity can improve health and reduce health risks by...

answer

reduces... -cardiovascular disease -risk of stroke -reduces high blood pressure -risk of colon cancer, lowers -cholesterol/triglycerides, -depression/anxiety/stress Increases... -lipoproteins -self-esteem -healthy body

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benefits of flexibility training

answer

-reduces muscle tension -promotes relaxation -muscle contractions become easier/smoother -improves ease of movement

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benefits of resistance training

answer

-stress management -MET capacity -increased resting metabolism -osteoporosis prevention/management -injury prevention/rehab

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consequences of physical inactivity

answer

-heart disease -stroke -diabetes -hypertension -obesity -depression/anxiety -certain cancers

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Direction of blood flow

answer

The Right Atrium, receives "used blood" from the body. Blood will be pushed through the tricuspid valve to the Right Ventricle, the chamber which will pump to the lungs through the pulmonic valve to the Pulmonary Arteries, providing blood to both lungs. Blood is circulated through the lungs where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen added. It returns through the Pulmonary Veins, which empty into the Left Atrium, a chamber which will push the Mitral Valve open. Blood then passes into the Left Ventricle. As it pumps, the pressure will close the mitral valve and open the aortic valve, with blood passing through to the Aorta, where it will be delivered to the rest of the body.

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Mitral valve prolapse

answer

heart problem resulting from the mitral valve not regulating the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart

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Arrhythmias

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An arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm, such as beating too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly.

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atrophy

answer

decrease in the mass of the muscle;Muscle atrophy results from a co-morbidity of several common diseases, including cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), renal failure, starvation

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hypertrophy

answer

Enlargement of muscle

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2 types of hypertrophy

answer

sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar

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sarcoplasmic

answer

volume of sarcoplasmic fluid in the muscle cell increases with no accompanying increase in muscular strength

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myofibrillar

answer

actin and myosin contractile proteins increase in number and add to muscular strength as well as a small increase in the size of the muscle

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Par-Q

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Physical Activity Readiness identifies people who should not be tested in a field setting. Proceed with caution if a client answers yes to one or more questions. May require physician clearance

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informed consent

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lets person know there is a risk to exercise

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order of exercise assessments

answer

1.resting mesurements (BP/HR/Body Fat/height/weight) 2.cardio test 3.muscular endurance 4.flex

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Heart rate reserve

answer

HRR = HRmax − HRrest

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Karvonen formula

answer

aka max heart rate reserve method; training HR = (max HR - resting HR) X target intensity (40/50-85%) + resting HR

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FITTE (resistance training)

answer

Frequency(2-3x a week), Intensity (2 to 4 sets of 8-12 reps w/ 2-3 mins b/w sets) Time no longer then 60 mins, Type (various resistance equipment), Enjoyment

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Risk stratifications (low)

answer

men/women w/ 1 or less CVD; can participate in moderate(40%-60%) and vigorous (>60% VO2R) exercise w/o prior medical testing

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Risk stratifications (med)

answer

Men 45 or older Women 55 or older and Those who meet the threshold for two or more positive risk factor are considered moderate risk; can participate in moderate(40%-60%) but need prior medical testing for vigorous (>60% VO2R) exercise

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Risk stratifications (high)

answer

Cardiac, peripheral vascular, or cerebrovascular disease Chronic OPD, asthma, interstitial lung disease, or cystic fibrosis Diabetes type 1 or 2, thyroid disorders, renal, or liver disease

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VAK

answer

visual learner: Auditory Learner Kinesthetic Learner

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the learning process

answer

cognitive phase:learn general skill concepts associative phase: practice and refine automatic phase: skill is developed and consistent

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social learning theory

answer

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

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SMART Goals

answer

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

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active listening

answer

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

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Body composition testing

answer

Skin Fold Caliper -Circumference (waist/hip) -Infra-red (x-ray) -BMI (mass(lb) x 703/ ((height(in))^2 -bioelectrical Impedence -Hydro-static under water weighing

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Dietery Recommendations

answer

Carbs: 55%-60% Fat: 25%- 30% Protein: 10% - 15% 6oz of grains (3oz of whole-grain), 2.5 cups veggies, 2 cups fruits, 3 cups milk

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Periodization

answer

Macrocycle: largest cycle Mesocycle: next largest (4 - 6 in yr) Microcycle: smallest cycles (1 - 4 wks) Linear v Non Linear Linear changes intensity every 4- 6 wks -hypertrophy (high vol,short rest) -Strength/power (reduced vol,increase load/rest) -Peaking (low vol/high load/rest) -Recovery (active rest) Non Linear changes every day within a 4- 6 wk period

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1RM table

answer

60% = 17 70%=12 80%= 8 90%=5 100%=1

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exercise and pregnancy

answer

-Supine position should be avoided after 1st trimester -low/mod intensity -non-ballistic -proper clothing and hydration to prevent overheating

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high risk flexibility

answer

standing toe touches, barre streches, hurdler strech, neck circles, yoga plough, knee hyperflexion

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Static stretching

answer

active: muscle is actively moved through ROM passive:muscle is actively moved through ROM by partner/device

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Ballistic Stretching

answer

a series of quick but gentle bouncing or bobbing motions designed to stretch your muscles

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Dynamic Stretching

answer

Stretching that involves moving the joints through their full range of motion to mimic a movement used in a sport or exercise to increase joint flexibility, core temp and circulation

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Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation PNF

answer

Stretch muscle statically, contract and stretch muscle statically beyond initial static stretch

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Sarcomere

answer

smallest contractile unit of a muscle cell; composed of 2 types of muscle protein, -actin "thin filament", which contains troponin and tropomyosin -myosin "thick filament" : contains many cross bridges

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Anaerobic Glycolysis

answer

-transformation of glucose to pyruvate when limited amounts of oxygen (O2) are available -glycolysis doesnt use oxygen and is considered anaerobic -The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the production of hydrogen ions which form lactic acid along with lactate

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tricuspid valve

answer

situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; controls the flow of blood from RA to RV

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mitral valve

answer

located between the left atrium and left ventricle; prevents blood from flowing back into the LA after it has entered the LV

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heart chambers

answer

Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

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Right atrium

answer

The upper part of the heart that receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body via the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava and pumps it through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

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Right ventricle

answer

the lower part of the heart that receives oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary valve into the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

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Left atrium

answer

the upper part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

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Left ventricle

answer

the lower part of the that heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aortic valve to the entire body via the aorta, including to the heart muscle itself through the coronary arteries.

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Artery

answer

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body Radial: thumb side of forearm Brachial: groove formed b/w tricep and bicep Carotid: anterior portion of the neck

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arterioles

answer

the smallest arteries that connect with the capillaries which allow the exchange of blood and other nutrients with various tissue

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veins

answer

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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venules

answer

small veins that drain blood from the capillaries and then join to form a vein

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Fibrous joints

answer

Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints.

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Cartilaginous joint

answer

Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movment, such as in the spine or ribs.

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Synovial joints

answer

Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavaties between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain the synovial fluid.

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saddle joint

answer

A saddle joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, bot does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.

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Ball and socket joint

answer

A ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Like a door knob)

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Ellipsoid joints

answer

Ellipsoid joints are similar to a ball and socket joint. They allow the same type of movment to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid joint.

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Pivot joints

answer

Pivot joints allow rotation arround an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot joints. In the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist arround each other.

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gliding or plane joint

answer

In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints

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testing preliminaries

answer

have clients min. factors that influence heart rate including: -non prescription heart rate altering meds -caffeine -exercise -large meals -fatigue -test anxiety

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3 min step test

answer

12" step 96 bpm locate radial pulse first client steps up up down down for 3 mins @ 96bpm with no talking check pulse within 5 secs after test

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Arthritis

answer

inflammation of a joint -flex training recommended

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osteoarthritis

answer

-caused by mechanical stress and destruction of hyaline cartilage in the joints -many degrees of severity -degenerative arthritis

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rheumatoid

answer

inflammation of synovial membrane, which then cause the body to initiate autoimmune response

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humerus

answer

major bone of arm

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rotator cuff muscles

answer

SITS Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

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major joint action for -pec major -post deltoid

answer

-shoulder horizontal adduction -shoulder horizontal abduction

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major joint action for -mid trap -pec minor

answer

-scapular retraction(add) -scapular protraction(abd)

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major joint action for -latissimus dorsi -middle delt

answer

-shoulder adduction -shoulder abduction

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major joint action for -rotator cuff muscles

answer

-shoulder abduction/ext rotation/int. rotation

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major joint action for -erector spinae -abs

answer

-spinal extension/flexion

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major joint action for -biceps brachii -triceps brachii

answer

elbow flexion elbow extension

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major joint action for -gluteus maximus -Ilopsoas

answer

Hip Extension Hip Flexion

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major joint action for -quads -hams

answer

knee extension knee flexion

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major joint action for -gastrocnemius -tibialis anterior

answer

planter flexion dorsiflexion

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major joint action for -obliques

answer

spinal rotation and lateral flexion

question

skinfold abs

answer

vertical fold 2cm right of belly button

question

skinfold triceps

answer

vertical fold posterior midline of middle right arm, halfway b/w the acromion(shoulder) and olecranon(elbow) processes

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skinfold bicep

answer

vertical 1 cm above mark of tricep on belly of bicep

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skinfold chest/pec

answer

diagonal fold half the distance b/w anterior axillary line and nipple (men) 1/3rd the distance b/w anterior axillary line and nipple (women)

question

skinfold midaxillary

answer

vertical fold Midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum

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skinfold Subscapular

answer

Diagonal fold 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula

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skinfold suprailium

answer

Diagonal fold Anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken

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skinfold thigh

answer

Vertical fold Anterior midline of the thigh Midway between the proximal border of the patella (upper knee) and the inguinal crease (hip)

question

skinfold calf

answer

Vertical fold maximum circumference of calf on the midline of medial border

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9 site skinfold locations

answer

abs tricep bicep chest midaxillary subscapular suprailium thigh calf

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3 site skinfold locations

answer

(men)chest, abs, thigh (women) triceps, suprailium, thigh

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metabolic syndrome

answer

fat deposited in the abdom. area is more highly correlated to heart disease

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asthma

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narrowing of airways brought about by allergens and stressors -avoid outdoor exercise in cold and high pollen or pollution

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negligence

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the trait of neglecting responsibilities and lacking concern

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malpractice

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Malpractice is a type of negligence committed by a professional and Negligence is failure to exercise due care

question

% of fat for increased risk

answer

men- 22% women-32%

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