Absolutism in Europe – Flashcards
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Czar
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A Russian emperor
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Boyar
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Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.
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Puritans
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A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
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Cavaliars
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Supporters of the King (and the divine right of kings)
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Roundheads
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A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war
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Natural Rights
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Life, Liberty, and Property
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Heretic
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a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church
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Absolutism
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A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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Philip II
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Macedonian King,he was a brillliant military leader who defeated the Greeks. Alexander the Great was his son.
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Mary
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1632 founded by Lord Baltimore; promise of huge profits for Catholics; importance: Act of Toleration and religious freedom to all Christians; region: Southern colonies: fertile soil, mild winters and waterways=economy: plantations, large scale agriculture tobacco, indigo, rice
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Elizabeth
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(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.
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Armada
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A fleet of warships
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English Sea Dogs
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○ Not official British sailors ○ Private sailors ○ Pirates but authorized by Elizabeth I to raid Spanish treasure ships coming back from the new world ○ Piracy in the name of their country ○ 1588: Defeat of the Spanish armada
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Moors
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the group of Muslims from North Africa who conquered Spain in the eighth century
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Huguenots
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Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.
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Prince Henry of Navarre
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became King Henry IV, descended from Louis IX, became King Henry IV of Bourbon and gave of Protestantism, passed Edict of Nantes, killed by religious fanatic, heir was Louis XIII
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Edict of Nantes
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1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
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Louis XIII (13)
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became more and more absolute with the aid of his advisors
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Thirty Years War
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(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Peace of Westphalia
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(1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France. Weakened the Hapbsburg states and streghtened France by giving it German territory. Ended religious war in Europe.
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Skeptics
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This group of Hellenistic philosophers questioned any assumptions and had a goal of achieving peace of mind.
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Motaigne
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father of skepticism and essays
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Descartes
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(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
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Louis XIV (14)
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1643-1715: wanted to do everything himself. controlled nobles by keeping them entertained at versaille. "One king, one law, one faith"
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Cardinal Mazarin
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(1602-1661), Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde; ran the government while Louis VIII was still a child
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Henry IV (4)
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hugenot prince who became king and converted to catholicism to avoid conflict, granted hugenots religious toleration and other freedoms with the edict of nantes
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France. Believed that colonies provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods.
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Mannerism
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Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.
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English Civil War
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Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
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St.Bartholomew Day Massacre
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Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine's daughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre.
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Shakespear
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A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.
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Cervantes
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Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
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Elizabethan Era
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Named for England's Queen Elizabeth the First, a somewhat vague classification applied to the second half of the 16th century and early part of the 17th, remarkable for its creative activity and output in English literature, especially drama.
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Baroque
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An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements
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Handel
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(1685-1759) A German composer who wrote Operas in Italy and eventually moved to Britain. Wrote music for the court and also oratorios such as Messiah (1741). Famous for incorporating religious piety with public pleasing drama.
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Bach
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(1685-1750) A famous German-Lutheran composer of organ fugues and church cantatas. Lived in Leipzig, and wrote St. Mathew Passion Coffee Cantata. Worked privately for the church and publicly.
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Petition of Rights
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1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.
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Puritans
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A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
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Constitution
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A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society
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Peter the Great
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czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government. Wanted Russia to be modernized and westernized.
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Junker
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Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.
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Glorious Revolution
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A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
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Charles II
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was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He also was known for leaving the Puritan Church and starting the Anglican Church or the Church of England
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James I
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The Role of Trials in the Life of the Believer
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James II
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1685-1688: imposed catholicism, violated test act, wrote new Decl of Indulgence that repealed old one, ----> Catholic son would succeed him = problem
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England
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By 1812, Napoleon controlled or had conquered most of Europe EXCEPT which country?
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New Model Army
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The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.
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Charles I
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Enforced Divine Right. Bring more Absolutist policies to England .Also brought too much Catholic influence. Tried and Executed in 1649 as a "tyrant,traitor, murderer, and public enemy"
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William and Mary of England
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under them a lot of new rules to prevent arbitrary rule can into play. had to recognize basic human rights like declaration of man rights. also rules to prevent catholics from ruling were establish. Dual Monarchy.
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Cromwell
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English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
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Thomas Hobbes
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..., ..., English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
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John Locke
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..., 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
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What is Social Contract Theory?
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..., the power to govern comes from the people, only the people can decide how much power the government shall have
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Abdicate
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to give up a position, right, or power
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Romanovs
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(Romanov Dynasty: 1613-1917)- period in Russia after the Ivans; starts with Michael Romanov (boyars and representatives came together and chose him in 1613) this period dramatically transformed the fate of Russia Ruled for 300 years, restorig order and strenghted the governemnet with their laws.
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The Hapsburgs
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Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman empire and the Netherlands, This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary. Austria- Charles IV becomes Hapsburg ruler. He worked out agreement that his eldest daughter Maria Theresa would become leader and she did
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Arussia
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A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland
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Anarchy
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(n) a lack of government and law; confusion
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According to hobbes what is life without government?
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Otherwise, our lives would be nasty, brutish and short
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Wars of Spanish succesion
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Charles II in Spain dies after promising the throne to his grandson Philip, who happened to be the hreat grandson of Philip IV of Spain. Other countries in Europe felt threatened by the increase of power of the Bourbon dynasty. The two countries of Spain and England now united by blood and Philip keeps his throne as long as the two thrones never untie. Great Britain was the big winner however.
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How did russia emerge as a powerful state under peter the great?
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The Mongols undertook to gather and organize Russia as they did their own state in order to introduce into the country law, order, and prosperity.... As a result of this policy the Mongols gave the conquered country the basic elements of future Muscovite statehood: autocracy, centralism, and serfdom. (Khara-divan)
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Why didn't the Austrian monarch become an absolute state?
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because they contained so many different national groups.
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How did the english revoultion influence political thought?
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King Henry VIII's wife could not bear him a son. He wanted an annulment because of this but the Pope would not grant it to him. So he broke away from the church and started his own Church of England.
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According to john locke, what is the state of nature?
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inherent in human beings, not dependent on government.
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Why is the reign of louis XIV regarded as the best example of absolutism?
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Louis XIV had his nobles in check by caring for him in his palace. Each noble would have to do something to do spmething for him. Ex: one noble would open his curtain in the morning to shine the light on the king when he wakes up. Another noble would slide his slippers on his feet and so on and so on. Also Louis was able to keep controlof his kingdom, he was very powerful.
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How was Louis XIV reign as king of France succesful or unsuccessful?
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Louis was succesful in keepig control but unsuccesful in being strict and hated by the people. On his deathbed he regretted what he had done to France. The people hen rejoiced upon his death.
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What is a market?
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a situation in which goods can be bought by people using money
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Sun King
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King Louis XIV's nick name, for he believed he was the source of all light in France. He surrounded himself with luxury, each meal was a feast. French army was far greater in size, training and weaponry than other European states.
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Europe
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They began to band together in other to achieve a balance of power.
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Central European Monarchs Clash
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Germany wanted to get land that the church own.
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Ferdinand II
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Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)
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Modern State System
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The most important effect of the Thirty Years' War, that abandoned the idea that the Catholic empire would rule Europe and recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent states. Countries began to take shape.
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Seven Years War
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(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
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Ivan the Terrible
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(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. Came to power at 3. Seized power at 16 crowning himself; married Anastasia. Persecuted boyars, by seizing their state.
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Westernization
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Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
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Russia
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Serfs in Russia had to be treated like slaves. Russia adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
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Peter's Reforms
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Started first newspaper; introduced potatoes. He raised the statu s of women by haing hem attend social gatheings. Fought Sweden and won a piece of the Baltic coast.
