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Anxiety

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Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. It may involve feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses

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Fear

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Emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life-threatening emergencies

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Panic

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Sudden, overwhelming fright or terror

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Panic Attack

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Abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations

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Behavioral Inhibition System

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Brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety

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Fight/flight system

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Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia

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Fear and avoidance of situations the person believes might induce a dreaded panic attack

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Agoraphobia

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Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult

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Panic disorder without agoraphobia

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Panic attacks experienced without development of agoraphobia

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Panic control treatment

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Cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them

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Specific phobia

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Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning

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Blood-injury-injection phobia

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Unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection

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Situational phobia

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Anxiety involving enclosed places (for example, claustrophobia) or public transportation (for example, fear of flying)

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Natural environment phobia

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Fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water

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Animal phobia

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Unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life

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Separation anxiety disorder

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Excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart

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Social phobia

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Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations

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Posttraumatic stress disorder

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Enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a severe helplessness- or fear-inducing threat. The victim re-experiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal

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Acute stress disorder

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Severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization. Many victims later develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them

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Obsessions

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Recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces

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Compulsions

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Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform

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Mood disorders

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Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

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Major depressive episode

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Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worhtlessness, disturbance sin bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.

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Mania

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Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders

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Hypomanic episode

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Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic epsilon that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders

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Mixed manic episode

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Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode.

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Major depressive disorder, single or recurrent episode

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Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression - recurrent) major depressive episodes

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Dysthymic disorder

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Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months

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Double depression

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Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

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Hallucinations

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Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present

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Delusions

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Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

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Catalepsy

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Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be "sculpted" to remain fixed for long periods.

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Seasonal Affective disorder

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Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter.

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Pathological or impacted grief reaction

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Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months.

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Bipolar II disorder

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Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

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Bipolar I disorder

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Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

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Cyclothymic disorder

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Chornic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

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Neurohormones

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Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology

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Learned helplessness

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Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality)

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Depressive cognitive triad

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Thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, their future

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Mood-stabilizing drug

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A medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood

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Electroconvulsive therapy

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Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown.

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Cognitive therapy

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Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes - and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles

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Interpersonal Psychotherapy

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Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.

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Maintenance treatment

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Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy.

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Suicidal ideation

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Serious thoughts about committing suicide

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Suicidal plans

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The formulation of a specific method of killing oneself

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Suicidal attempts

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Efforts made to kill oneself

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Psychological autopsy

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Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death

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Personality disorders

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Enduring maladaptive patterns for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress

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Paranoid personality disorder

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Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent

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Schizoid personality disorder

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Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions

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Schizotypal personality disorder

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Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior

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Antisocial personality disorder

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Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

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Psychopathy

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Non-DSM-IV_TR category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior. Indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics

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Borderline personality disorder

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Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses

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Dialectical behavior therapy

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Promising treatment for BPD that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior

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Histrionic personality disorder

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Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

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Narcissistic personality disorder

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Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

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Avoidant personality disorder

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Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism

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Dependent personality disorder

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Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person's pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

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Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

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Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

Abnormal Psychology – Unit 2 – Flashcards

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