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Clinical Depression

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A depression in mood (versus a clinical syndrome in clinical depression)

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Mania

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Involves a disturbance in mood (predominantly euphoric) • Symptoms include exaggerated feelings of physical and emotional well-being, inflated self-esteem, pressured speech, and racing thoughts (euphoria is an exaggerated feeling of physical/emotional well being)

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Major Depressive Disorder

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The experience of at least one major depressive episode (at least two weeks) without any manic episodes; often multiple discrete episodes

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Bipolar I Disorder

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Person has experienced at least one manic episode

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Bipolar II Disorder

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Hypomania (Less severe period of increased energy, and shorter in duration), at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode (no full-blown manic episodes)

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Cyclothymia

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is a chronic but less severe mood swings; at least two years in which the person experiences numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous depression periods but no major episodes either way.

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Dysthymia

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Less severe symptoms but predominantly depressed mood for at least two years; most individuals experience two or more of the following (poor appetite or overeat, insomnia, low energy/self-esteem/concentration/decision making (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

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is a condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation

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Cognitive therapy

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focused on recognizing, challenging, and overcoming cognitive distortions and errors in logic; patients encouraged to replace self-defeating cognitions with more rational self-statements.

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Interpersonal Therapy

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Focuses on interpersonal factors in current relationships that cause/maintain depression. Treatment focuses on communication and problem-solving skills.

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Medication for Depression/Bipolar

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SSRIs, Tricyclics, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

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Seasonal Affective disorder

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Light therapy is used, exposure to broad-spectrum bright light used for one-two hours per day. Improvement found, unclear what mechanism, tied to hormonal.

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Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

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Individuals are preoccupied with, and/or persistently avoidant of, thoughts or situations that provoke fear or anxiety

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Anxiety

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More diffuse and general, out of proportion to threats from environment; adaptive at low levels, maladaptive when excessive (pessimism and negative self-evaluation at higher levels)

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Panic Attack

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Sudden, overwhelming experiences of terror or fright; can be distinguished from anxiety in four major ways: more focused, less diffuse, more intense and sudden onset

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Specific Phobia

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Fear that is excessive or unreasonable, related to a specific object or situation

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Social Anxiety Disorder

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Social phobia, similar to specific but berformance or interactions in social situations are the focus of fear

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Agoraphobia

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(With or without panic attacks) Anxiety about being in situations from which escape might either be difficult or embarrassing

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of distinct events or activities that are debilitating over a period of at least six months; the worry should not be focused on a fear of panic attacks or being embarrassed

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Panic Disorder

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Recurrent unexpected panic attacks

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Systematic Desensitization

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Teach relaxation, present items of a fier hierarchy while patient is in relaxed state; some evidence that direct exposures are better

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Situational Exposure

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Repeatedly confronting previously avoided situations

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Interoceptive Exposure

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Actions that induce the physical sensations that occur in actual panic attacks

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Cognitive Therapy

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Useful for anxiety disorders, accompanied by a behavioral approach (recognize faulty logic)

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Benzodiazepines

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Reduce vigilance and somatic symptoms, less effective for worry and rumination; effective for GAD and social phobias, not specific phobias

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Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

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One of the most debilitating mental illnesses in the world

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Obsessions

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Repetitive, unwarranted, intrusive cognitive events in the form of thoughts, images, or urges and are often nonsensical and involve something socially unacceptable or horrific

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Compulsions

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Repetitive behaviors or mental acts done to reduce anxiety

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Response-Prevention

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___________ and exposure use prolonged exposure to a situation that increases anxiety, while preventing a compulsive response (MOST EFFECTIVE)

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Abnormal Behavior

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The application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders

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Psychopathology

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Pathology of the mind; The symptoms and signs of mental disorders including such phenomena as depressed mood, panic attacks, and bizarre beliefs.

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DSM V

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Defines mental disorders associated (APA, 2013)

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Epidemiology

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The scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population.

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Clinical Psychologists

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Concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders. They complete either a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. (4 years + internship)

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Comorbidity

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Refers to the presence of more than one condition within the same period of time

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Psychiatry

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The branch of medicine that concerns itself with studying and treating mental disorders. A psychiatrist is a physician (medical doctor) who specializes in treating mental disorders.

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Social Work

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Another profession concerned with helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning.

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Counselors

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Typically masters-level professionals and consist of marriage/family therapist, psychiatric nurses, etc.

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Etiology

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The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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Biopsychosocial Model

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An approach that integrates evidence from across biological, psychological, and social dimensions of behavior

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Paradigm

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is a set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory.

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Biochemical Paradigm

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Discovery of general paresis (caused by syphilis - STD) is an important example. It looks for biological abnormalities that cause abnormal behavior (brain disease/injuries/genetic disorders).

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Psychodynamic Paradigm

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An outgrowth of Sigmund Freud's (1956-1939) theories, asserts that abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early experience.

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Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

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Views abnormal behavior as a product of learning. Traced to 19th century (1879) with Wilhelm Wundt, who introduced psychology phenomena (study of). Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner were also early scientist who made lasting substantive contributions to learning theory and research

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Humanistic Paradigm

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(Opposes Biological/psychoanalytic/behavior explanations) Emphasizes free will, views human nature as inherently good and posits a natural movement towards self-actualization

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Diathesis

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is a predisposition to develop a disorder (typically a hereditary factor)

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Psychotherapy

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Treatments grouped into the four major paradigms 1. Biological (mental illness) 2. Psychodynamic (Promotes insight to unconscious motivation) 3. Cognitive-behavioral (new ways of thinking/acting to produce adaptive function 4. Humanistic (increase emotional awareness and genuine emotional expression

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Evidence Based Treatments

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Some more effective, client's problem should identify approach, clients should be informed about evidence • Psychopharmacology • ECT Electroconvulsive Therapy • Psychosurgery, Psychodynamic • Contingency management • Social skills training • Cognitive techniques • Humanistic therapies (alternative)

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Biological Treatments

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Traced back to the discovery of the cause and cure for general paresis. Often alleviate symptoms rather than cure disorders, however. (Treating psychological disorders)

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the use of medications to treat psychological disturbances (psychotropic generally safe, but no cure and unpleasant side effects)

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Psychoanalysis

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A set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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teaches new ways of thinking and acting to produce more adaptive functioning • Focuses on behavior change in present versus dynamics of personality • Encourages collaborative relationship with therapist • Outcome oriented versus theoretical • Classical conditioning is used o Systematic desensitization • In vivo desensitization: is a gradual/real life exposure to feared stimulus while maintaining relaxed state • Flooding is exposure to feared stimulus at full intensity while preventing avoidance until response is distinguished • Aversion therapy: creates an unpleasant response to an undesirable behavior • Contingency management (control awards) • Social skills training - desirable behaviors rewarded • Cognitive techniques (attribution, self-instruction, cognitive therapy, rational emotive therapy.

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In Vivo Desensitization

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is a gradual/real life exposure to feared stimulus while maintaining relaxed state

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Flooding

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Exposure to feared stimulus at full intensity while preventing avoidance until response is distinguished

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Aversion Therapy

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creates an unpleasant response to an undesirable behavior

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Contingency Managment

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Awards controlled to teach

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Dialectic Behavioral Therapy

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emphasizes mindfulness - increased awareness of feelings, thoughts and motivations.

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Humanistic Therapy

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goal is to increase emotional awareness and genuine emotional expression and to help people take responsibility for life choices

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Classification

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• International Classification of Diseases (ICD), by the World Health Organization (ICD-10) • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5)

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Diagnosis

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is important because it enables the clinician to refer to the knowledge of a particular set of problems, but doesn't necessarily provide any information about the cause.

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Limitations to Classical System

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• Optimal diagnoses threshold: Too vague • Categorical, however many disorders appear dimensional • Additional questions center around whether DSM-5 organization is optimal for designing treatments for research • Failure to make better use of information • Absence of specific definition of social impairment • No clinical problems into syndromes in the simples and most beneficial way.

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Clinical Assessment

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Used to collect/interpret information that will be used to understand a person and make a diagnosis. • Primary goals include making predictions, interventions and evaluating interventions • Provides guideposts to measure treatment progress

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Projective Personality Tests

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a) Present with ambiguous stimuli (picture or inkblot) and asked to generate response b) Assumes responses contain meaningful clinical information c) Intuitive scoring looks for recurrent themes (focus on form not content) d) Advantage: Useful info that might reveal aspects of person's outlook of world and unconscious motives e) Limitations include poor reliability/validity/standardization in scoring/administration, limited normative data associated

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Rorschach Test

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1921, 10 inkblots used to assess personality characteristics and psychopathology

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Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)

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Consists of a series of drawings that depict human figures in various ambiguous situations

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Brain Imaging Techniques

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examine the brain through X-RAY type procedures

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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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Magnetic resonance imaging provides clearer images, which can be more easily transformed into three dimensions

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FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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Functional MRI highlights brain functioning as it is occurring. Rapid images of changes in brain activity are obtained via measurement of oxygen flow, can measure momentary changes in brain activity

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CT (Computed Tomography)

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can provide a static image of specific brain structures; usually MRI has replace the use of this technique In most facilities

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PET (Positron Emission Tomography Scanning)

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is a very expensive procedure that shows detailed images of the brain and reflects changes in the activity of brain regions

Abnormal Psychology Chapters 1-6 – Flashcards

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