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Substance Use

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The low to moderate experience with a substance that does not produce problems with social, educational, or occupational functioning. The Definition use makes no claims as to the legality of the behavior.

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Substance Intoxication

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The acute effects of substance abuse. Intoxication is reversible - one comes down from the intoxicated state - and substance specific - the features of intoxication vary with the substance ingested.

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Substance Abuse

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The ingestion of a substance that leads to disruption in social, educational, or occupational functioning.

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Substance Dependence

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A condition characterized by two distinct factors, tolerance and withdrawal. This includes attention to the physiological actions of the substance. This most closely approximates the lay term addiction.

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Tolerance

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The diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure to it.

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Withdrawal

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a set of symptoms associated with physical dependence on a drug that occur when the drug is no longer taken.

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Behavioral Features of Substance Dependence

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1. Using more than the intended amount. 2. Desiring or attempting to cut down 3. Spending time trying to acquire the substance. 4. Giving up social, occupational, or recreational activities because of the substance use. 5. Continuing use despite physical or psychological problems caused by or exacerbated by the substance use.

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Whether a person becomes dependent on a drug depends in part on the....

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Drug's addictive potential. The characteristics of the person using the drug - liability to dependence.

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Three Legal Psychoactive Drugs Widely Used In Our Society

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1. Caffeine 2. Nicotine 3. Alcohol

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Caffeine

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A central nervous system stimulant that boosts energy, mood, awareness, concentration, and wakefulness.

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Negative Side Effects of Caffeine

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1. agitation 2. jitteriness 3. headaches 4. mood liability 5. rebound fatigue 6. insomnia

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Caffeine's Precise Mechanism

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Although caffeine's precise mechanism remains unknown, the neurotransmitters, adenosine and serotonin may be involved in its effect on the brain.

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Overtime, Caffeine May Contribute To...

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1. Cardiovascular Disorders 2. Reproductive Problems 3. Osteoporosis 4. Cancer 5. Psychiatric Disturbances

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Caffeine is the....

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Most widely used drug worldwide.

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Nicotine

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A highly addictive component of tobacco that is considered to be both a stimulant and a sedative.

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Nicotiana Tabacum

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plant which is the common source of nicotine.

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Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms

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1. Depressed Mood 2. Insomnia 3. Irritability 4. Frustration or Anger 5. Anxiety 6. Difficulty Concentrating 7. Restlessness 8. Decreased Heart Rate 9. Increased Appetite 10. Weight Gain

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Smoking During Pregnancy

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Is related to pregnancy complications, premature birth, low-birth-weight infants, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome.

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Ethyl Alcohol

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Active ingredient in any alcoholic drink. Is quickly absorbed in the stomach and intestines and into the bloodstream.

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Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

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GABA The brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. By increasing GABA firing, alcohol inhibits other brain activity - why it is called a depressant.

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Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

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1. Tremors 2. Anxiety 3. Irritability 4. Agitation 5. Hallucinations 6. Seizures

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Formication

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The sensation of having ants r bugs crawling all over the body.

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Delirium Tremens

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DT A symptom characterized by disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever, which can last up to 3 to 4 days after stopping drinking.

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Benzodiazepines

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Can help decrease neuronal hyperactivity and reduce withdrawal symptoms as well as the risk of seizures and DTs.

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Cross Tolerant

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Tolerance to one drug transfers to tolerance of the other.

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Alcohol Cirrhosis

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A liver disease that occurs in about 10 to 15% of people with alcoholism.

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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A condition caused by deficiencies in thiamine secondary to alcohol dependence. Characterized by a cluster of symptoms including amnesia, confusion, confabulation - an adaptation to memory loss in which the individual "fills in the blank" with made up information.

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Wernicke's Encephalopathy

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Includes short term memory loss, paralysis of the eyes, and unsteady gait.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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Another severe consequence of alcohol use, occurs when pregnant woman drinks alcohol and it passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus.

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FAS Anomalies

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1. Short Palpebral Fissure Lengths - distance from the inner to the outer corner of the eye. 2. Smooth Philtrum - areas between the nose and upper lip. 3. Thin upper lip

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Marijuana

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A drug derived from the cannabis sativa plant that produces mild intoxication. Most commonly used illicit drug in the United States

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Tetrahydrocannabinol

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The active ingredient in marijuana.

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The Marijuana User Experiences...

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A pleasant state of relaxation, intensified color and sound, and slowed perception of time.

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Mild Effects of Marijuana

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1. Dry mouth 2. Increased hunger 3. Increased Thirst 4. Trembling 5. Fatigue 6. Depression 7. Occasional Anxiety of Panic

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The Effects of Marijuana Depend On...

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1. The dose 2. The user's characteristics or sensitivity

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Cannabinoid Receptors

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Influence pleasure, learning and memory, higher cognitive functions, sensory perceptions, and motor coordination.

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Heavy Marijuana Use

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1. Persistant Memory Loss 2. Impairment of Attention 3. Learning Skills 4. Motor Movement 5. Addiction 6. Chronic Respiratory Problems 7. Increased Rick of Head, Neck, and Lung Cancer

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Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms

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1. Restlessness 2. Loss of Appetite 3. Trouble Sleeping 4. Weight Loss 5. Shaky Hands 6. Irritability 7. Anxiety

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Amphetamine

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A group of stimulant drugs that prolong wakefulness and suppress appetite.

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Ecstasy

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The pill form of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common "club" drug and a frequent trigger for emergency room visits.

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Crystal Methamphetamine

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A form of methamphetamine that produces longer lasting and more intense physiological reactions than the powdered form.

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Amphetamine Functional Impairment

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In addition to increased heart rate and blood pressure, amphetamines can damage blood vessels in the brain, causing stroke. Users can develop paranoid anxiety, confusion, and insomnia.

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Cocaine

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A stimulant that comes from the leaves of the coca plant that is indigenous to South America.

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Cocaine Functional Impairment

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Cocaine is highly addictive. It's powerful stimulant effects are thought to be caused by inhibiting nerve cells reabsorption of dopamine.

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Sedative Drug

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A substance group including barbiturates and benzodiazepines, which are central nervous system depressants and cause sedation and decrease anxiety.

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Barbiturates

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A sedative that acts on the GABA system in a manner similar to alcohol. Produce tremors, increased blood pressure and heart rate, sweating, and seizures.

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Benzodiazepine

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A group of sedatives that can be used responsibly and effectively for the short term still have addictive properties. Symptoms mirror alcohol withdrawal and include anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and delirium.

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Opioid

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A drug derived from the opium poppy that includes heroin, morphine, and codeine.

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Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

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Worsen with chronic use and may include hyperactivity, intensified awareness, agitation, increased heart rate, fever, dilated pupils, tremors, hot and cold flashes, aching muscles, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

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Hallucinogen

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A drug type that produces altered states of bodily perception and sensations, intense emotions, detachment from self and environment, and for some users, feelings of insight with mystical or religious significance.

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Lysergic Acid Diethyl-amide

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LSD A synthetic hallucinogen, first synthesized in 1938.

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Hallucinogens Functional Impairment

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1. Emotional Swings 2. Panic 3. Paranoria All of which can lead to bizarre or dangerous behavior.

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Hallucinogens Withdrawal Symptoms

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Do not produce classic withdrawal symptoms and are not physically addictive

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Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

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Some users may experience perceptual distortions long after all traces of the drug have left the symptom.

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Inhalants

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The vapor from a variety of chemicals that yields an immediate effect of euphoria or sedation and can cause permeant damage to all organ systems including the brain.

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Inhalants Immediate Adverse Effects

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1. Dizziness 2. Drowsiness 3. Confusion 4. Slurred Speech 5. Impaired Motor Skills 6. Irregular Heartbeat 7. Respiratory Failure

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Inhalants Functional Impairment

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1. Severe damage to all vital organs including the brain and bone marrow, leading to comprised red blood cell production and anemia. 2. Profound effects on nerves because they damage the myelin - the protective fatty tissue that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. 3. Damage can lead to muscle spasms and tremors, causing permeant interference with basic functions such as walking, bending, and talking,

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Inhalant Withdrawal Symptoms

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1. Weight Loss 2. Muscle Weakness 3. Disorientation 4. Inattentiveness 5. Irritability 6. Depression

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Behavioral Addictions

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Produce short-term positive effects that increase the behavior's frequency even though they also produce negative consequences.

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Biological Factors For Substance Abuse

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Both genes and environment affect the likelihood of substance abuse.

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Substance Abuse & Environmental Factors

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Environmental Factors seem to be important in determining whether a person starts smoking.

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Substance Abuse & Genetic Factors

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Genetic Factors are more prominent influence in whether the progresses to nicotine dependence.

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Neurobiology of Substance Abuse

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Alcohol and drugs act on the part of the brain that is involved with processing pleasurable feelings (the reward system).

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Substance Abuse Positive Reinforcement

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Drug induced euphoria produces positive physical feelings and increases the likelihood that the drug will be used again.

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Substance Abuse Negative Reinforcement

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Repeated use removes an unpleasant state.

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Cognitive Factors Of Substance Abuse

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Cognitive theories are based on the premise that how a person interprets a situation influences the decision to use a drug.

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A Social Setting....

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May activate thoughts of using a substance and make a person more likely to use the substance.

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Cognitions & Their Effect

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Cognitions may affect a person's reaction to physiological symptoms associated with anxiety and craving.

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Factors That Initiate & Maintain Substance Use Disorders

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1. Positive drug outcome expectancies 2. Minimal negative expectancies 3. Poor self efficacy beliefs regarding one's ability to cope with out drugs.

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Sociocultural, Family, & Environmental Factors

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Social, family, and environmental variables all combine with genetic predisposition to contribute to substance related disorders.

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Factors Associated With Increased Substance Use & Abuse

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1. Family 2. Peer Influence 3. Trauma 4. Economic Factors

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Risk Factors Associated With Adolescent Abuse & Dependence

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1. Introduction to substance use at a young age. 2. Heavy use during adolescents.

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Further Drug Related Problems In Adolescence Predict

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1. Future substance use disorders 2. Elevated levels of depression 3. Antisocial & Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms

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Therapies Based On Cognitive & Behavioral Principles

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1. Avoidance of the Stimulus 2. Relapse Prevention 3. Stages of Change and Motivational Enhancement Therapy 4. Skills Training 5. Behavioral Therapies Based on Classical & Operant Conditioning 6. Twelve Step Approaches

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Avoidance of the Stimulus

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In some treatments for substance abuse, people may be instructed to avoid stimuli that are related to past drug abuse.

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Relapse Prevention

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The treatment approach that uses functional analysis to identify the antecedents and consequences of drug use and then develops alternative cognitive and behavioral skills to reduce the risk of future drug use.

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When Working Together, The Therapist & Patient Identify High-Risk Situations & The....

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1. Trigger for that stimulation 2. Thoughts during that situation 3. Feeling experienced in response to trigger and thoughts 4. Drug use behavior 5. Positive and Negative Consequences of Drug Use

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Lapse

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Single instance of substance use

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Relapse

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Complete return to pretreatment behaviors

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Abstinence Violation Effect

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The core feature of relapse prevention, which focuses on a person's cognitive and affective responses to reengaging in a prohibited behavior.

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Determining Whether A Lapse Becomes A Relapse

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How a person responds to or interprets the lapse, and not lapse itself determines whether a lapse becomes a relapse.

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Stages of Change & Motivational Enhancement Therapy

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Two Critical Issues Related to This Situation: 1. How to motivate people to enter treatment 2. How to tailor treatment to the motivational level of the individual.

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Trans-Theoretical Model

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A five stage sequential model of behavior change

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Trans-Theoretical Model Stages

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1. Pre contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance

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Pre contemplation Stage

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Limited awareness of the problem, few emotional reactions to substance abuse, and resistance to change.

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Contemplation Stage

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More aware of the problem and weigh the positive and negative aspects of their substance abuse.

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Preparation Stage

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Marked by a decision to take corrective action.

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Action Stage

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Active attempts to change the environment.

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Maintenance Stage

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Individuals are acquiring and engaging in behaviors that are designed to prevent relapse.

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Skills Training Approaches

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Based on the idea that substance users may lack some of the basic skills that are necessary for everyday coping.

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Skills Training Goal

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To teach the basic skills that enable substance users to manage problematic aspects of their life.

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Community Reinforcement Approach

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Based on similar principles to the Skills Training Approach, and includes a broad range of skills training including vocational counseling but especially targets identifying and building the substance user's social network and other support systems.

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Aversion Therapy

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A treatment approach that repeatedly pairs drug or alcohol use with an aversive stimulus or images.

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Contingency Management Approach

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A treatment approach in which rewards are provided for treatment compliance.

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12- Step Approaches

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Begin with the realization that the individual is powerless over the addiction, and it provides a structured approach to remaining sober. Members attend regular meetings and are registered to a sponsor whom they call if they feel unable to maintain sobriety or need support.

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Detoxification

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A medically supervised drug withdrawal.

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Agonist Substitution

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A type of therapy that substitutes a chemically similar medication for the drug of abuse.

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Chemically Safe

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1. Substitute drug binds with the same receptors as the target drug, thereby preventing any pharmacological effect. 2. Although the substitute shares many similarities with the target drug, it also differs in several key ways. It works more slowly and has fewer acute pharmacological effects with not resulting high or subsequent crash. 3. Although some potential for drug dependence may exist, it typically is far less severe than with the target drug.

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Methadone

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The most widely known agonist substitute, used as a replacement for heroin.

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Nicotine Replacement Therapy

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A safe and effective therapy used as part of a comprehensive smoking cessation program.

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Antagonized Drug

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Acts against the drug being used.

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Antabuse

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An aversive medication that pairs the ingestion of a drug with a noxious physical reaction.

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Immunopharmacotherapy

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Vaccination against drug use. A vaccine produces antibodies that bind to the targeted drug before it reaches the brain and therefore blocks it's positive, reinforcing effects.

Abnormal Psychology: Chapter 9: Substance Use Disorders – Flashcards

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