Abnormal Psychology: Chapter 1 and 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Abnormal Psychology
answer
Concerned with understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorers
question
Family Aggregation
answer
Whether a disorder runs in families
question
What is abnormal?
answer
Suffering, maladaptiveness, statistical deviancy, violation of standards of society, social discomfort, irrationality/ unpredictability, dangerousness
question
Decision about abnormal behavior are alway based on
answer
values and expectations of society at large
question
Why classify mental disorders?
answer
Nomenclature helps us structure information in a more helpful manner
question
Disadvantages of classifications
answer
Stigmas and related to it, stereotyping, and labeling. Results in negative attitudes
question
Epidemiology
answer
Study of distribution of diseases, disorders, or health related problems in a population
question
Prevalence
answer
Number of active cases of a disease in a population at a given time
question
Point prevalence
answer
Estimated proportion of actual, active cases of the disorder at a given point in time
question
Incidence
answer
Number of new cases that occur over a given period of time. Tend to be lower as they exclude new cases
question
Comorbidity
answer
Term used to describe presence of two or more disorders in the same person. High in people with severe mental disorders
question
Etiology
answer
Cause of disoders
question
Self report data
answer
Has limitations because people lie
question
External Validity
answer
Extent to which we can generalize findings beyond the study itself to other samples, contexts, or times
question
Internal validity
answer
How confident one can be in the results of a particular study
question
Retrospective research
answer
Looking back in time before patient developped disease
question
Prospective research
answer
Looking ahead in time to identify individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of become psychologically disorders and focusing on them before the disease manifests.
question
Longitudinal design
answer
Study that follows someone from infancy to adulthood, etc.
question
ABAB design
answer
Most basic experiment design in single case research
question
Analogue studies
answer
Ex. Animal research- study is not the true item of interest but an approximation of it
question
Tarantism
answer
Disorder that included an uncontrollable impulse to dance. Often attributed to the bite of a spider. Aka- St. Vitus's dance. Occurred in Italy
question
lycanthropy
answer
Condition where people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior. happened in isolated areas.
question
Moral Management
answer
Method of treatment that focused on patient's social, individual, and occupational needs. Emphasized the patient's spiritual and moral development. Treatment involved manual labor, humane treatment, and spiritual discussion.
question
3 Reasons for downfalls of moral management
answer
hygiene movement, immigrant prejudice, and biomedical advances
question
Behavioral perspective
answer
Centers on the role of learning human behavoir
question
Two methods freud used for understanding patient's consious and unconsious
answer
Free association and dream abalysis
question
Operant conditioning/ instrumental
answer
Consequences of behavior influences future behavior. In individual learns how to change their behavior. Here Reinforcement is key (pleasurable stimulus/ reward)
question
Necessary Cause
answer
Condition that must exist for a disorder to occur
question
Pareisis
answer
Degenerative brain disorder caused by syphilis
question
Sufficient cause
answer
Condition that garuntees occurance of a disorder
question
Contributory causes
answer
One that increases the probability of a disorder
question
Protective factors
answer
Influences that modify a person's response to the enviromental stressors, making it less likely for them to experience adverse effects of the stressor. Lead to resillience
question
Developmental psychopathology
answer
Determining what is normal at various stages in development
question
Pituitary gland
answer
Hormone master of the body
question
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)
answer
Release of cortisol, negative feedback loop, regulates temperature
question
Polygenic
answer
Most mental disorders are this, meaning influenced by multiple genes
question
Linkage Analysis
answer
Capitalizes on several currently known locations on chromosomes of genes of inherited physical characterisrics to determine gene markers
question
Association analysis
answer
Similar to linkage analysis, only with to groups- one with the disorder and one without
question
Developmental systems approach
answer
Genetic behavior influences neural activity which influences behavior which influences environment and vice versa.
question
Superego
answer
Conscience- or what society views as right and wrong. Developes as a child grows up
question
Executive branch of personality
answer
Ego
question
Psycho sexual stages of Development (5)
answer
1. Oral stage (babies orgasm while breastfeeding) 0-2 2. Anal stage (pooping= pleasure) 2-3 3. Phallic stage (Self manipulation of the genitals is pleasurable) 3-5 4. Latency period (kids preoccupies with developing skills, other things) 6-12 5. Genital stage (deepest feelings of pleasure come from sexual activity) after puberty
question
Oedipus complex
answer
If developped correctly, boy idenitifies with father, only has affection for mother
question
Electra complex
answer
Female counterpart of oedpipus. Penis envy--> identifies with mother and desires man to give her children
question
Interpersonal persepective
answer
Emphasizes social and cultural forces as determinatns for behavior. People are inherently motivated by desire to belong to and particpate in a group
question
Learning
answer
Modification of a behavior as a consequence of an experience
question
Generlization
answer
When a conditioned response can be evoked by a different stimulus
question
Discriminatio
answer
When subjectt learns to distinguish between different stimuli and responds different based on reinforcement
question
Observational learning
answer
LEarning through observation alone
question
Schema
answer
Underlying representation of knowledge that guides processing of information, leads to distortion of memory, attention, and comprehension
question
Self-schema
answer
Is how we view ourselves
question
Attribution
answer
Simply process of assigning causes to things that happen. (i,e, good news or bad events)
question
Hikiko-mori
answer
Disorder of acute social withdrawal, young people remain in thier room and refuse social interaction. In japan, demonstrates culture effect
question
Zar
answer
Disorder in both Africa and the middle east where indvidual believes that are possesed by a spirit. Example of cultural bound synfrom
question
Dysrethmia
answer
Abnormal pattern in brains electrical activity
question
CAT Scan
answer
Reveals images of brain that might be diseaed through xray
question
MRI
answer
Replacing CAT scans. reveal more detailed images of brain, less complicated, no ionizing radiation
question
PET Scans
answer
Provides a metabolic portrait of the brain. Reveals issues that are not immediately present anatomically
question
Functional MRI or fMRI
answer
Measures changes in local oxygenation. Reveals brain acitivty
question
Aphasia
answer
Disorder where there is a loss of ability to verbally communicate
question
Neurophysoligcal assesment
answer
Measures cognitive, perceptual and motor performance in response to brain injjury
question
Structured assesment interviews vs. unstructured assesment interviews
answer
Structured assessment interviews are planned questions and the results are far more reliable
question
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
answer
Structured and quantifiable format for rating clinical symptoms such as concern with physical symptoms, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, etc
question
Intelligence Test
answer
WISC-IV and Stanford-Binet for children, WAIS-IV for adults.
question
WAIS-IV Tests
answer
Digit span (perfomance, vocabulary (verbal)
question
Projective personality tests
answer
Unstructured, rely on various ambiguous stimuli and responses not limited by true, false. Ex. include inkblot tests, thematic apperception test (TAT) and sentence completion test
question
Objective personality tests
answer
Use questionnaires, itemized statements, carefully phrased alternative responses. Examples include MMPI (minnestora multiphasic personality inventory)
question
MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory)
answer
Most widely used personality test for clinical and court use
