Abnormal Psychology Chap 1-5 – Flashcards
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What is abnormal psychology?
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the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning
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What are norms?
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a society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct
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What is culture?
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a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology and arts
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What is Trephination?
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an ancient operation in which holes were punched in skull in order to release evil causing abnormal behavior
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What are the "four Ds" which are most common across most definitions of abnormality?
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deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
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What is meant by feature of deviance in defining abnormal behavior?
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Different, extreme, unusual and even bizarre behavior
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What is meant by feature of distress in defining abnormal behavior?
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Behavior which is unpleasant and upsetting to the person. According to many clinical theorists, behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal
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What is meant by feature of dysfunction in defining abnormal behavior?
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Behavior which interferes with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way
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What is meant by feature of danger in defining abnormal behavior?
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Behavior which could be dangerous for the individual and/or others and maybe consistently careless, hostile, or confused
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What is the first essential feature that all forms of therapy have as theorized by Jerome Frank?
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a sufferer who seeks relief from the healer
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What is the second essential feature that all forms of therapy have as theorized by Jerome Frank?
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a trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group
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What is the third essential feature that all forms of therapy have as theorized by Jerome Frank?
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a series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferers' emotional state, attitudes and behavior
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According to ancient views, abnormalities were caused by?
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evil spirits
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What were the two most commonly used treatments for abnormal behavior in ancient cultures?
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trephination and exorcism
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What did Hippocrates believe was the causes of abnormal behaviors?
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physical (natural) causes
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According to to the Greeks and Romans during 500 B.C. to 500 A.D., what were humors?
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bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning
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What were the four types of humors according to Hippocrates?
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yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm
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What was the most common treatment for abnormal behaviors in Europe during the middle ages? (demonology returns)
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exorcism
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What did Europeans believe caused deviant behavior during 500 A.D. to 1350 A.D?
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satan's influence (seen as a conflict between good and evil)
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The Renaissance 1400 to 1700 A.D. is when we started seeing the rise of ____________.
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asylums
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who was the first to specialize in mental illness?
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German physician Johann Weyer (believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body)
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Although asylums were initially created with good intentions, they eventually became ___________ because of overcrowding.
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prisons
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across Europe, ________ _________ were devoted to the humane and loving treatment of people with mental disorders.
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religious shrines
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what started in the 19th century (as 1800 approached)?
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reform and moral treatment
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who advocated moral treatment?
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Philippe Pinel (France) and William Tuke (England)
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by the end of the 19th century, several factors led to a reversal of the moral treatment movement which were what?
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-money and staff shortages -declining recovery rates -overcrowding -emergence of prejudice
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what happened to the moral treatment movement by the early years of the 20th century?
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it came to a stop and long-term hospitalization became the rule once again
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what were the duel perspectives in the early 20th century?
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the somatogenic and the psychogenic perspective
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What is the somatogenic perspective?
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the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
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in the 1950's, researchers discovered a number of new ________ medications.
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psychotropic
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The psychological perspective did not demonstrate potential until?
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studies of hypnosis began
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What is the psychogenic perspective?
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the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
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What is psychoanalysis?
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the theory and treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology
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What is deinstitutionalization?
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the practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from mental hospitals (began in 1960)
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Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis?
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Sigmund Freud
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What are psychotropic medications?
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drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
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What are the three most common types of psychotropic medications?
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antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs and antianxiety drugs
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What is private psychotherapy?
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an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services
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What is multicultural psychology?
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the field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, treatment and nature of abnormal behavior
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what is a case study?
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a detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems
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what is a correlation?
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degree to which events/characteristics vary with each other (used to determine the relationship between variables)
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how can you determine a strong vs a weak correlation?
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by the correlation coefficient (0=no relationship, 0.10 = weak relationship, 0.30 = medium relationship, 0.50 = strong relationship)
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what is positive correlation?
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variables change in the same direction
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what is negative correlation?
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variables change in the opposite direction
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if correlation is graphed and "line of best fit" is drawn then strength of correlation can be measured by...
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high vs. low-do they fall closely together or are they more scattered around the line of best fit
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statistical significance is p<____?
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0.5
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what is an experiment?
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a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of this manipulation is observed.
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independent variable (IV) =
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manipulated variable
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dependent variable (DV) =
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variable being observed/measured
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what is a confound?
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variables other than the IV that may also affecting the DV
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why is a confound not a good thing?
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it can throw your results off (not accurate)
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what is external validity?
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the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
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what is internal validity?
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refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor.
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what are the therapeutic models/orientations?
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biological, behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, sociocultural, cognitive, humanistic-exisential
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Psychological abnormality is caused by malfunctioning parts of organism (brain chemistry and structure)-what model?
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Biological model
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Biological treatments include...
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Drug therapy, Electric convulsive therapy (ECT), & Psychosurgery (neurosurgery)
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Person's behavior is determined by underlying dynamic (interacting psychological forces) that the person is not consciously aware of-what model?
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Psychodynamic model (Shaped by three and can't just forces-Id, ego, and superego)
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Psychodynamic therapies include...
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Freudian psychoanalysis
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Our actions are determined by life experiences. Concentration on behaviors and environmental factors-what model?
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Behavioral model
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Behavioral therapies include...
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Classical conditioning
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Abnormal functioning best understood through understanding cognitive processes-what model?
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Cognitive model
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Cognitive therapies include...
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Overcoming problems by developing new ways of thinking. (Beck's cognitive therapy)
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Combination model where humanist view is focus on a drive to self actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses and existentialist view is self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility-what model?
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Humanistic-existential model
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Abnormal behavior understood by learning about social and cultural forces influencing the client-What model?
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Sociocultural model
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Theories that explain abnormal behavior by considering more than one cause it once, therapists known as eclectic are...
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Biopsychosocial theories
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Clients interpret vague, ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction (Rorschach test, Thematic apperception test, sentence completion, drawings)
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Projective tests
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Measure broad personality characteristics (most widely used is the MMPI-567 self statements true, false, or cannot say)
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Personality inventories
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Focus is on one specific area of functioning
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Response inventories
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Measure a physiological response to indicate psychological problems (most popular is lie detector)
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Psychophysiological tests
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Directly access brain function by accessing brain structure/activity (MRI, CAT scans, EEG)
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Neuropsychological/neurological tests
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Measures intellectual ability indirectly
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Intelligence tests
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Systematic observations of behavior
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Clinical observations
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Three different kinds of clinical observations are...
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Naturalistic, analog, and self-monitoring
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DSM-5 Stands for...
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Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition)
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Face-to-face encounters, often the first contact
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Clinical interviews
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How does one determine the best treatment for working with the client?
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Decisions depend on theoretical orientation, current research, and general state of clinical knowledge
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What are the components of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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Obsessions and compulsions
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Define generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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Excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worrying about practically anything (free-floating anxiety)
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Define phobia
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Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations
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Define specific phobia
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Persistent fears to specific objects or situations
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Define Agoraphobia
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Fear of being in situations where escape is difficult if they experience panic or become incapacitated
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Define social anxiety disorder
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Severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social/performance situations where public scrutiny and embarrassment may occur
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Treatments of social anxiety disorder
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Medication (antidepressants, usually), social skills training (behavioral techniques to improve social functioning)
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Treatment for panic disorder
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Antidepressants
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Treatments for agoraphobia
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Behavior therapy with exposure approach
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Correlation does not equal ___________.
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Causation
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The model of abnormality that asserts that abnormality results as a conflict of unconscious process is known as...
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Psychodynamic
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Panic disorder is often associated with what other disorder?
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Agoraphobia
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What's considered normal or abnormal behavior is largely determined by ___________
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Social norms
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The Rorschach and Thematic apperception test are both examples of what type of test?
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Projective tests
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The demonological model treated abnormal behavior primarily by what two methods?
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trephination and exorcism
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How was Hippocrates theory "before it's time"? (How was it correct by modern standards)
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Believe that abnormal behavior could had a natural cause
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The first form of outpatient therapy, started by Sigmund Freud, was known as _________
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Psychoanalysis
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The study of Phineas Gage is a prime example of which research method?
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Case study
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How do internal and external validity different?
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Internal validity: study is only measuring intended variables external validity: generalizable to the larger population
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A variable that influences the results of a study, but isn't intended to, is called a _________ variable.
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Confound
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Weaker correlations have coefficients closer to what number?
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Zero
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The model of abnormality that asserts that faulty assumptions cause psychological distress is known as...
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Cognitive
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A patient that receives a diagnosis of cancer first believes that the doctor is mistaken. What defense mechanism is the patient using?
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Denial
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What are the three unconscious processes in all humans, according to the psychodynamic model?
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Id, ego, superego
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Empty chair is a technique used in what therapeutic model?
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Gestalt
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This is the assessment most commonly given the first time you meet with a client.
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Clinical interview
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A consistent way of administering, scoring, and interpreting any measure is known as _________
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Standardization
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Why is it important to use evidence-based treatment when working with a client?
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It's more likely to have been researched thoroughly and determined to be effective
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What's the biggest difference between personality and response inventories?
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Specificity of the areas of interest
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What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
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Fear is a direct response to an immediate threat, anxiety is more general
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Little Albert was frightened of a white rat after several pairings of the white rat with lead pipes being banged over his head (this is classical conditioning). However, he later expressed a fear of other white, fuzzy things (e.g. rabbits, fur coats, cotton balls). What is this phenomena called?
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Stimulus generalization
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What are non-drug biological treatments for anxiety disorders?
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Any treatment that reduces physiological arousal without using medication to cause this effect. For instance, deep breathing and muscle relaxation could be non-drug treatments.
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Gerald got really angry with his boss, but instead of punching his boss he goes home and punches a hole in the wall. What defense mechanism did Gerald use?
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Displacement
