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Freud; views conflict as central to human nature. The conflict is b/w different drives vying for expression and thus the individual is motivated by drive reduction. Originally posited that an individual's greatest conflict was b/w the libido & the ego. Later, he revised the theory and asserted that the true conflict is that between Eros (the life instinct, including sex & love) and Thanatos (the death instinct)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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id: part of the mind that contains the unconscious biological drives and wishes. At birth, mental life is composed solely of the id and its biological dives but w/ development the id also includes unconscious wishes ego: part of the mind that mediates b/w the environment and the pressures of the id and superego superego: part of the mind that imposes learned or socialized drives; not something one is born w/ but rather develops over time, and therefore particularly influenced by moral and parental training

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Freud's structural model of the mental life

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underlying, unresolved conflict when the ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict; made manifest through pathological behavior, dreams, and unconscious behavior

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psychic determinism

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meet w/ therapist 4-5 times/week; initially used alongside hypnosis (borrowed from Charcot & Janet) but later used free association (developed by Breur)

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psychoanalysis

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the discharge of repressed emotion due to unconscious conflict

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catharsis (abreaction)

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patients react to therapist much like they reacted to their parents; the therapist-patient relationship then serves as a metaphor for the patients' repressed emotions about their parents

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transference

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how a therapist feels about their patient

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countertransference

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when the therapist uses the patients' transference to help him or her resolve problems that were the result of previous relationships by correcting the emotional experience in the therapist-patient relationship

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object relations therapy

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a central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet

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aggression

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a way in which the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material or environmental forces: repression/denial; rationalization; projection;displacement; reaction formation; compensation; sublimation; identification; undoing; countertransference; dreams

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defense mechanism

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not allowing threatening material into awareness

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repression/denial

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justifying or rationalizing behavior or feelings that cause guilt

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rationalization

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accusing others of having one's own unacceptable feelings

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projection

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shifting unacceptable feelings or actions to a less threatening recipient

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displacement

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embracing feelings or behaviors opposite to the true threatening feelings that one has

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reaction formation

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excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another

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compensation

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channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets

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sublimation

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imitating a central figure in one's life, such as a parent

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identification

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performing an often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives

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undoing

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safe outlets for unconscious material and wish-fulfillment - the "royal road to the unconscious"

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dreams

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the actual content of the dream vs. the unconscious forces the dreams are trying to express

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manifest vs. latent content

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the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain; particularly salient in early life; principle by which the id operates

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pleasure principle (i.e. primary process)

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guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification

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reality principle (i.e. secondary process)

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memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences

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screen memory

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created individual theory: people are viewed as creative, social, and whole; described people in the process of realizing themselves or in the process of "becoming." In this journey, the individual is motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority that arise when the current self does not match the self-ideal

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Alfred Adler

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Adler; a quest for feelings of superiority in healthy individuals

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will to power

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too much affected by inferior feelings to pursue the will to power; they may make excuses or have a "yes, but" mentality

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Adler's theory of psychopathology

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Adler; high in activity but low in social contributions; dominant

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ruling dominant type (choleric)

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Adler; low in activity and high in social contribution; dependent

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getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)

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Adler; low in activity and low in social contribution; withdrawn

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avoiding type (melancholic)

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high in activity and high in social contribution; healthy

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socially useful type (sanguine)

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developed analytical theory; posited that the psyche was directed toward life and awareness (rather than sex), which contains conscious and unconscious elements

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Carl Jung

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Jung; material from an individual's own experiences; this can become conscious

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personal unconscious

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Jung; dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors; this is common to all people and cottons the archetypes

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collective unconscious

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universally meaningful concepts, passed down through the collective unconscious since the beginning of man; allow us to organize our experiences w/ consistent themes that are indicated by cross-cultural similarity in symbols, folklore, and myths

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archetypes

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archetype: a person's outer mask, the mediator to the external world, symbolized by actual masks

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persona

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a person's dark side often projected onto others; symbolized in cultures by devils and evil spirits

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shadow

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the female elements that a man possesses; complements his own maleness

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anima

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male elements that a female possesses; complements her own femaleness

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animus

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the full individual potential, symbolized in cultures by figures such as Buddha or Jesus and be the mandala

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self

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created client-centered therapy; humanistic & holds that people have an actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and toward their full potential; therapist is non-directive

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Carl Rogers

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Rogers; disparity b/w real selves and their conscious self-concept develop psychological tension

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lack of congruence

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Rogers; therapist should appreciate rather than just observe the client's world; walk in the patient's shoes

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empathy

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Rogers; therapist maintains positive feelings for the client no matter what choices, feelings, or insights the client explores in therapy

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unconditional positive regard

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therapists' emotions should match those of the clients' and speak and act genuinely w/ the client

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genuineness/congruence

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created behavior therapy; its the application of classical and operant conditioning principles to human abnormal behavior

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B.F. Skinner, Pavlov, & Wolpe

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associated w/ Skinner's opera ideas that behavior is related only to its consequences

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radical behavioralism

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uses Pavlov's classical counterconditioning principles to create new responses to stimuli

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neobehavioralism

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Wolpe; applies classical conditioning to relieve anxiety; patient is exposed to increasingly anxiety provoking stimuli until the anxiety associated w/ those stimuli is decreased

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systematic desensitization

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applies classical conditioning to relieve anxiety; an anxiety reaction is created where there was previously was none (treat addictions and fetishes)

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aversion therapy

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operant principles; client is reinforced for behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired action

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shaping

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applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety; the client is repeatedly exposed to an anxiety producing stimulus, so that, eventually, the overexposure simply leads to lessened anxiety

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flooding (implosive therapy)

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employs social learning principles; exposes client to more adaptive behaviors

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modeling

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provides tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive

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assertiveness training

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allows a client to practice new behaviors and responses

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role playing

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created CBT; what we make of an experience is what matters; several types of maladaptive cognitions including: arbitrary inference, overgeneralization; magnifying/minimizing; personalizing; and dichotomous thinking

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Aaron Beck

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Beck; drawing a conclusion w/o solid evidence

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arbitrary inference

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Beck; mistaking isolated incidents for the norm

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overgeneralization

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Beck; making too much or little of something

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magnifying/minimizing

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Beck; inappropriately taking responsibility

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personalizing

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Beck; black-and-white thinking

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dichotomous thinking

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Beck; negative views about the self, the world, and the future; thought to be the cause of depression

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cognitive triad

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created rational-emotive theory (RET); includes elements of cognitive, behavioral, and emotion theory

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Albert Ellis

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psychological tension is created when: 1) an activating event occurs 2) a client applies certain beliefs about the event 3) this leads to the consequences of emotional disruption highly directive (a strength and weakness)

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Rational Emotive Theory (RET) abnormal theory

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Persl, Wertheimer, Koffka encourages people to stand apart from beliefs, biases, and attitudes derived from the past; goal is to fully experience and perceive the present. Psychopathology emerges from disturbance of awareness & lack of insight goal is exploration of awareness and full experiencing of the present

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Gestalt Theory

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Frankl & May revolves around philosophical issues; greatest struggle are of being vs. nonbeing/meaningfulness vs. meaninglessness psychopathology emerges from neurotic anxiety - perceived meaninglessness of life

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Existential Theory

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used to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations (e.g. chlorpromazine & haloperidol)

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antipsychotics

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drugs of choice for bipolar disorder (e.g. lithium)

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antimanics (i.e. mood stabilizers)

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drug that changes the metabolism of alcohol, resulting in severe nausea & vomiting when combined w/ alcohol

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antabuse

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criticized the effectiveness of psychotherapy after analyzing studies that indicated psychotherapy was no more successful than no RX at all

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Hans Eysenck

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applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development

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Anna Freud

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pioneered object-relations theory and psychoanalysis w/ children

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Melanie Klein

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emphasized culture and society over instinct; suggested that neuroticism is expressed as movement toward, against, and away from people

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Karen Horney

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emphasized social and interpersonal relationships

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Harry Stack Sullivan

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general term that refers to theories (e.g. client centered, Gestalt, or existential) that emphasize the positive, evolving free will in people - the "Third Force" in psychotherapy in reaction to psychoanalysis & behaviorism

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humanistic theory

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leader of the humanistic movement in psychology; best known for his hierarchy of needs that pertains to human motivation 1. self actualization 2. esteem and recognition 3. belonging, love, acceptance 4. safety, security, lack of fear 5. physiological needs, hunger, thirst, shelter, warmth

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Abraham Maslow

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developed by Meichenbaum; prepares people for foreseeable stressors

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Stress inoculation training

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proved experimentally that abnormal behavior can be learned

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Neil Miller

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; contains five foci 1. major psychopathology - schizophrenia, GAD, MDD, etc. 2. personality disorders 3. general medical conditions 4. psychosocial and environmental problems 5. global assessment of functioning

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DSM

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IQ = 55-70

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Mild mental retardation

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IQ = 40-55

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moderate mental retardation

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IQ = 25-40

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severe mental retardation

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IQ<25

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profound mental retardation

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indicated by school achievement or standardized scores at least 2 standard deviations below the mean for the appropriate age and IQ

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learning disorders

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indicated by disturbed consciousness (awareness, attention, focus) & cognition (memory, disorientation)

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delirium

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cognitive problems (w/ memory, spatial tasks, or language) that result from a medical condition; may be the result of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, or Pick's disease (disease of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain characterized by changes in personality)

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dementia

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renamed by Bleuler; means split mind; has positive & negative SXS +: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech & behavior -: flat affect or restrictions in thought, speech, or behavior process SZ develops gradually whereas reactive SZ develops suddenly in response to a particular event associated with excessive DA in the brain

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schizophrenia (formerly known as dementia praecox)

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indicated by preoccupation w/ delusions or auditory hallucinations

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paranoid schizophrenia

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disorganized speech/behavior & flat affect

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disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia

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psychomotor disturbance (catalepsy); excessive motor activity; prominent posturing; echolalia (i.e. parroting) or echopraxia (imitating the gestures of others)

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catatonic schizophrenia

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grab bag of schizophrenia SXS not fitting into a particular type

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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schizophrenic SXS accompanying a depressive disorder

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schizoaffective disorder

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persistent delusions of various kinds: erotomanic (that another person is in love w/ the individual); grandiose (that one has special taken or status); jealousy; persecutory delusions; somatic (bodily)

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delusional disorder

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folie a deux; when two people have shared delusions

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shared psychotic disorder

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psychological problems are converted to bodily SXS; the SXS generally relate to voluntary movement and may be manifested as "paralysis" in part of the body (formerly known as hysteria - Freud)

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conversion disorder

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creating physical complaints through lies or self infliction in order to assume the sick role

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factitious disorder

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formerly a psychogenic disorder; suddenly fleeing to a new location, forgetting true identity, and/or establishing a new one

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fugue

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refusing to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight; showing excessive concern about becoming obese

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anorexia nervosa

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binge eating accompanied by harmful ways to prevent weight gain (induced vomiting or laxative use)

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bulimia nervosa

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falling asleep uncontrollably during routine daily activity

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narcolepsy

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detachment, small range of emotion

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schizoid PD

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eccentric, distorted reality

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schizotypal PD

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socially inhibited; hypersensitivity, perceptions of inadequacy

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avoidant PD

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different form of mental retardation that is caused by iodine deficiency

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cretinism

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caused by vitamin B deficiency, loss of memory and orientation, often seen in severely alcohol dependent individuals

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Korsakoff's syndrome

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a recessive, infant disease related to excess amino acids, an inborn error of metabolism

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PKU

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a recessive, genetic deficiency of hexosaminidase A; sufferers may have SXS that resemble psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia or dementia

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Tay-Sachs disease

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a male w/ one Y & two X

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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coined by Fromm & Reichman; a type of mother who supposedly causes children to become schizophrenic

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schizophrenogenic mother

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studied the effects of diagnostic labels on the perception of behavior. In an experiment, normal pseudo patients were admitted to hospitals feigning disorders. Once inside, the individuals acted normally, but their behaviors were construed as fitting the DX anyway

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David Rosenhan

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founded the APA in 1872; it's official journal is the American Psychologist

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Stanley Hall

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involves attempts to prevent documented psychosocial problems through direct contact w/ an at risk (but thus far unaffected) group - e.g. D.A.R.E.

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primary prevention

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refer to RX or prevention programs that recognize and are tailored to cultural differences

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culturally competent interventions

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