Abnormal Psychology Flashcards with Answers
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What should always be considered when looking at abnormal behavior?
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context
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Is being different the same as being psychologically abnormal?
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No
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What are deviant behaviors?
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behaviors that differ from prevailing societal standards
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Does deviant behavior indicate abnormal psychology?
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No, because norms are always changing
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What is goodness of fit?
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understanding behavior in a specific context
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What is individuate and who typically does this?
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to seperate and teens
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What is culture?
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shared behavioral patterns and lifestyles that differentiate one group of people from another
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What is culture-bound syndrome?
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abnormal behaviors that were specific to a particular location or group
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What information has developed on the culture-bound syndrome?
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some behavioral patterns extend across ethnic groups and geographic areas
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What is the diagnostic label for enuresis?
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abnormal bed wetting
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Does being dangerous constitute abnormality?
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no
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When should it be considered someone has an mental abnormality?
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when it causes their life distress and dysfuncation
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What is abnormal behavior?
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inconsistent with the individual's development, cultural, and societal norms, and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning
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What does the DSM focus on?
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symptoms and the scientific basis for the disorders and clinical presentation, etiology, developmental stage, and functional impairment
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What is clinical presentation?
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the specific symptoms clustered together
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What is etiology?
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the cause of the disorder
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What is developmental stage?
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how the disorder looks different in children than in adults
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What is functional impairment?
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the immediate and long term consequences of having the disorder
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What approach does the DSM system use to define abnormal behavior?
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categorical
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How many adults in the US have suffered from a psychological disorder at some time in their lives?
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47%
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How many adults will suffer from major depression?
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more than 20%
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How many adults with struggle with alcohol dependence at some point in their lives?
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14%
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What are the most commonly reported disorders in the US?
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anxiety and depressive disorders
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How many adults are affected with an anxiety disorder during their lives?
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28%
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Which disorders are women more likely to suffer from?
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anxiety and mood disorders
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Which disorders are men more likely to suffer from?
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alcohol and drug abuse
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Which two races suffer equally from most types of psychological disorders?
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whites and blacks
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Which race is more likely to have mood disorders such as depression?
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Hispanics
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What is socioeconomic status?
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family income and educational achievement
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Which education level is drug and alcohol abuse most prevalent?
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middle education level (high school graduate but no college degree)
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Which SES class does psychological disorders occur most frequently? Why?
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lowest incomes and least education; could be more education and higher income serve to protect someone against psychological disorders by providing more support resources or that impairment results from a psychological disorder leading them jobless, or genetics
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What is downward drift?
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an impairment results from psychological disorder leads to job loss or limited educational achievement
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What are two issues with the DSM's categorical approach?
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symptoms rarely fall neatly into just one category and it can be difficult to diagnose with just symptoms
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What did one study with SES and children find?
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psychological disorders developed around the same time for all SES levels but those with lower SES levels were less likely to overcme or recover from the disorder
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By age 16, how many children and adolescents has suffered from a psychological disorder?
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1 in 3 or 36%
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When is the prevalence of disorders the highest?
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age 9 to 10
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What is developmental trajectory?
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common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person's age
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How is depression different in adolescents compared to children?
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adolescents feel more hopeless and helpless and lack energy and commit more serious suicidal acts
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What disorders are common in childhood?
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seperation anxiety and ADHD or ADD
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What disorders emerge in adolescence?
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deperssion, alcohol and drug use, eating disorders, panic disorder, anxiety
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The emergence of some disorders have what components and why?
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practical and societal; older adolescents are more likely to have access to alcohol
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What is generalized anxiety disorder?
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worry about future events
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What is trephination?
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using a circular instrument to cut away sections of the skull
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What did trephination supposedly do?
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released the evil spirits that were assumed to control the person
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What did the Ancient Greeks believe about abnormal behavior?
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the gods controlled abnormal behavior and that defiance of the deities could result in mental illness
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Who introduced an organic model of illness to explain psychological symptoms and provided treatment using plants and other natural substances?
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Melampus of Pilus
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What did he prescribe for agitated uterine melancholia?
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root extract
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What did he prescribe for traumatic impotence?
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iron powder
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Who is Asclepius?
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a historial figure whose healing abilities were so widely respected that he was elevated to the status of a god
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During Asclepius's period, what was believed to of caused abnormality and how did they treat it?
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imbalance of humors or traumatic experiences; biological, physical, and psychological treatments
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Who is considered the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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What are hallucinations?
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hearing or seeing things not evident to others
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What are delusions?
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beliefs with no basis in reality
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What is melancholia?
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severe sadness
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What is mania?
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heightened states of arousal that can result in frezied activity
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Who introduced hallucinations, delusions, melancholia, and mania?
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Hippocrates
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What is hysteria now called?
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conversion disorder
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What did Hippocrates attribute hysteria to?
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an empty uterus wandering throughout the body searching for conception
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What was the cure for hysteria according to Hippocrates?
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marriage or pregnancy
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What did Hippocrates believe causes other abnormal behaviors?
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environmental factors and physical factors
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What are the four humors?
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yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm
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What caused mania?
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excessive yellow bile
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What caused melancholia?
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excessive black bile
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Who foreshadowed institutionalization? How?
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Hippocrates by advocating the removal of patients from their families
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Who was Galen?
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the personal physician of the Roman emperor Marucs Aurelius
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What did Galen believe caused hysteria?
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it was a symptom of unhappiness in women who had lost interest in and enjoyment of sexual activity
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What dominated theories of metnal illness in Europe after the Roman Empire fell?
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demonology
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Where did Hippocrates and Galen remain influential?
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Islam
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Who was known as the prince and chief of physicians and the second teacher after Aristotle?
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Avicenna
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What did Avicenna write?
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The Canon of Medicine
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What did Avicenna believed caused depression?
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mix of humors
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What did Avicenna believed to have caused some physical disease?
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emotional distress
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What did Avicenna stress?
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the beneficial effects of music on emotional disturbance
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In medieval Europe, what were considered to be the source of all evil?
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demons; devils or witchcraft
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How many people were accused of witchcraft in Europe? How many were put to death? What percentage were women?
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200,000; 100,000; 85%
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What brought about new attitudes toward science and the church that challenged the reality of witches?
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Renaissance period
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What were these witches most likely?
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those with psychological disorders
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When was mass hysteria first brought about in large amounts?
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the Middle Ages
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People who were affected by mass hysteria believed what caused this?
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demonic spirits
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What was one of the first recorded cases of mass hysteria and where did it occur?
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tarantism in Italy
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What is tarantism?
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bite of a wolf spider or tarantula would cause death
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What was the cure for tarantism?
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joyous, frenetic dancing
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What is lycanthropy?
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possessed by wolves
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What is emotional contagion?
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the automatic mimicry of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another
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What marked a second time of enlightenment in the treatment of mental illness in Europe?
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Renaissance period
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Who caused much of the transition?
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Johann Weyer and Paracelsus
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Who was the first physician to specialize in the treatment of mental illness?
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Weyer
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Who refuted the idea that abnormal behaviors were linked to demonic possession?
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Paracelsus
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What did Paracelsus believe about mental disorders?
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hereditary and some physical illness had a psychological origin
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Beginning in the sixteenth century, where were people with mental illness housed?
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asylums
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What are asylums?
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separate facilities designed to isolate them from the general public
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Why did asylums turn into the name madhouses?
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lack of effective treaments
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What was one of the most famous madhouse and what were there treatments?
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St. Mary of Bethlehem in London and confinement, torture, and "medical" treatments
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What is Bedlam?
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nickname of St. Mary of Bethlehem and described chaotic and uncontrollable situations
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Who radically changed the approach to the treatment of mental illness during the late eighteenth century?
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Philippe Pinel and William Tuke
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What was Pinel direct of?
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Bicetre, an asylum for men
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What did Pinel propose in his Memoir on Madness?
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mental illness was often curable and the physician must listen to the patient and observe his behavior
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What did Pinel advocate for in his asylums?
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work therapy
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What did William Tuke establish?
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the York retreat
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What is the York retreat?
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a small country house that allowed people with mental illness to live, work, and relax in a compassionate and religious environment
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What is moral treatment?
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kindness and occupation
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Moral treatment in the US is most commonly associated with whom?
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Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix
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What did Rush believe caused mental illness?
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blood vessels in the brain
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Who is father of American psychiatry?
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Benjamin Rush
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What is animal magnetism?
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a force that Mesmer believed flowed through the body and when impeded caused disease
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What did Mesmer's experiments lead to?
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placebo effect
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What is syphilis?
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a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium
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What did people believe syphilis caused?
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general paresis
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What is general paresis?
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physical paralysis and mental illness and eventually death
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What did syphilis help us to understand?
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that a physical disease could cause a psychological disorder
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Who was the founder of modern scientific psychology?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Who, based on Wundt's advice, began to study the abnormal with theoretical foundations?
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Kraeplin
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What is prognosis?
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progession and outcome
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What is dementia praecox and what is it now called?
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mental deterioration and schizophrenia
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What did he believed caused Dementia Praecox?
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autointoxication
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What is autointoxication?
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the self-poisoning of brain cells as a result of abnormal body metabolism
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Who studied the effect of hypnotism?
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Josef Breuer
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What did some believe caused hysteria?
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self-hypnosis
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What is the talking cure and who discovered it?
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when under hypnosis, patients discuss events and experiences that they were typically be unable to recall otherwise and Breuer
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What two theories dominated the twentieth century?
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psychoanalytic and behaviorism
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Who introduced psychoanalysis?
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Sigmund Freud
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Psychoanalysis looked at what three items?
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structure of the mind, strategies to deal with treats to stability of mind, stage of psychosocial development crucial for the development of normal and abnormal behavior
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According to Freud, the root of abnormal behavior was established in what years of life?
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first 5
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What are the three regions of the brain according the Freud?
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id, ego, and superego
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What is in the id?
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basic drives
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What is libido?
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basic instinctual drives and psychic energy
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Where is the id?
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completely unconscious
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What is the ego?
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copes with reality; mediator
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What is the superego?
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like the conscience in that it imposes moral restraint on the id's impulses
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What are defense mechanisms?
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the mind's negative or distressing thoughts or feelings were disguised to emerge to consciousness in a more acceptable form
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What is the oral phase and when does it occur?
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first 1 1/2 years of like, sucking and checking are pleasurable experiences and aggressive impulses emerge after teeth develop
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What is the anal phase and when does it occur?
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age 1 1/2 to 3 and parents emphaize discipline and control issues develop
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What is the phallic phase and when does it occur?
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age 3 to 5 and psychosexual energy centers on the gential area and children derive pleasure from touching or rubbing the genitals; may develop romantic fantasies of opposite-sex parent
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What is fixated?
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stalled
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What is denial?
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dealing with an anxiety provoking stimulus by acting as if it doesn't exit
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What is displacement?
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taking out impulses on a less-threatening target
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What is intellectualization?
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avoiding unacceptable emtions by focusing on the intellectual aspects of an event
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What is projection?
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attributing your own unacceptable impulses to someone else
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What is rationalization?
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supplying a plausible but incorrect explanation for a behavior rather than the real reason
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What is reaction formation?
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taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
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What is regression?
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under threat, returning to previous stage of development
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What is repression?
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burying unwanted thoughts out of conscious thought
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What is sublimation?
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acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way
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What is suppression?
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pushing unwanted thoughts into the unconscious
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What is undoing?
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attempting to take back unacceptable behavior or thoughts
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What are the goals of psychoanalysis?
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insight and catharsis
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What is insight?
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bringing the troubling material to consciouness
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What is catharsis?
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releasing psychic energy
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What is free association?
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the person minimizes conscious control and tells the analyst everything that comes to mind
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What is dream analysis?
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individuals are encouraged to recall and recount their dreams
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What did Freud call dreams?
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the royal road to the unconscious
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What led to the discovery of conditioned response?
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Ivan Pavlov's dog digestion experiment
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What is classical conditioning?
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an unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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something neutral that does not naturally produced the UCR
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Who was a supporter of behaviorism?
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John B. Watson
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what is behaviorism?
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all behavior is learned as a result of experiences or interactions with the environment
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What is Watson's most famous work?
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Little Albert
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What is the scientist-practitioner model?
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psychologists rely on the findings of research
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What is the biological model for abnormal behavior?
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abnormal behavior results from biological processes of the body
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For how many years now have we been able to observe brain mechanisms?
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20 to 30 years
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What are neurons and how many make up the brain?
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brain cells and 100 billion
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What are synapses?
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spaces between the neurons
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What are neurotransmitters?
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chemical substances
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How do neurons communicate?
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when neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and land on the receptor site of the next neuron
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What tests look at the morphology of the brain?
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CAT scan and MRI
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What is morphology?
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structure
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How do people's brains with Alzheimer's differ from those without Alzheimer's?
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they have plaques and tangles in greater amounts
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What is biological scarring?
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years of living with the disorder can cause changes in the brain
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What is a more promising avenue than structural abnormalities?
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brain functioning
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What tests map the brain?
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PET, and fMRI
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When did behavorial genetics emerge?
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with Sir Francis Galton's publication of Hereditary Genius
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What is the viral infection theory?
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during the prenatal period or shortly after birth, viral infections might cause brain abnormalities that later lead to behavioral abnormalities
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What is the psychological model?
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emphasizes how environmental factors and cultural factors may influence development and maintenance of abnormal behavior
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What do modern psychoanalysts still agree with (based on Freud)?
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much of mental life is unconscious and that personality patterns begin to form in childhood
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What is analytic theory?
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behavorial motivators were psychological and spiritual (not sexual) and that future goals motivated behavior
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Who created the analytic theory?
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Carl Jung
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What do ego psychologists focus on?
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conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning
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What does learning theory stress?
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the importance of external events in the onset of abnormal behaviors
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How long did the behavioral model last and who discredited it?
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until the 1950s and Joseph Wolpe
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What is systematic desensitization?
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elemtns of the anxiety-producing object are presented in a gradual fashion
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What are primary reinforcers?
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food, water, attention
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What are secondary reinforcers?
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have value
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Who developed operant conditioning?
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Skinner
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What is punishment?
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decreases or eliminates a behavior
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What is shaping?
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a process whereby closer steps or successive approximations to a final goal are rewarded
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What type of learning was described by Bandura and his colleagues at Stanford University?
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Vicarious Conditioning
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What is vicarious conditioning?
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characterized by no trial learning
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What is no trial learning?
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the person need not actually do the behavior in order to learn it
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What does the cognitive model propose about abnormal behavior?
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how we perceive or think about events causes abnormal behavior; not internal or external events
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Who is the originator of cognitive theory?
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Aaron Beck
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According to Beck, people with depression have three types of negative thoughts. What are these? What does he call these?
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negative view of the self, the world, and the future; negative cognitive triad
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What is the negative cognitive triad also called?
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cognitive distortions
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What is the cognitive behavior theory?
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treatment procedures originally developed under one model or the other are now used together
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What is phenomenology?
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one's subjective perception of the world is more important than the actual world
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What is the humanistic model based on?
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phenomenology
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What do humanists believe?
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humans are basically good and are motivated to self-actualize
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What is self-actualize?
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develop their full potential
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What do humanists believe cause abnormal behaviors?
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when there is a failure in the process of self-actualization
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Who is the psychologist most closely related to humanistic psychology?
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Carl Rogers
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What is client-centered therapy?
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to release the individual's existing capactiy to self-actualize through interactions with the therapist
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What is genuineness?
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the therapist relates to the person in an open, honest way and does not hide behind a professional mask
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What is empathetic understanding?
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the therapist understands the client's world as the client sees it
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What is unconditioned positive regard?
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genuinely accepting the client with full understanding, trusting the client's resources for self-understanding and positive change
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What is the sociocultural model?
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abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces
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What is gender role?
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cultural expectations regarding accepted behaviors for men and women
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What percent of women in developing countries do not have adequate food?
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more than 60%
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What is the biopsychological perspective?
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many different factors probably contribute to the development of abnormal behavior and that different factors may be important for different people
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What is the diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior?
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psychological disorders may have a biological basis but stressful environmental factors activate it
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What are the two main parts of the human nervous system?
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central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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What does the central nervous system consist of?
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brain and spinal cord
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What is the soma?
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nerve body
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What are dendrites?
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fingerlike projections that extend from the soma
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What is an axon?
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the fiber through which a cell transports information to another cell
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What are axon terminals?
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the branched features at the end of the axon that form synapses
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What does the brain stem control?
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most of the fundamental biological functions associated with living
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What is lesion?
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an area of damage or abnormality
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Diseases that affect the basal ganglia are marked by what?
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abnormal movements
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How do hormones affect depression, anxiety, and other psychological symptoms?
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certain hormones are elevated
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What is the axon?
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carries electrochemical signal through the neuron to the opposite end
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Whats the myelin sheath?
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surrounds the axon and insulates it
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What are terminal buttons?
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release neurotransmitters
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Whats the path for neurons?
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dendrites to soma to axon to terminal buttons
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What is the all or none law?
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the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus
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The peripheral nervous system can be divided into two sections. These are...
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autonomic and somatic
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What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
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corpus callosum
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What parts of the brain are involved in breathing, circulation, and balance?
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thalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem
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What makes up the limbic system?
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hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
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The hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus are structures involved in
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emotions, motivation, and memory
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What is neuroimaging?
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takes pictures of the brain
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What type of tests are used in neuruanatomy?
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CT, CAT, and MRI
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What do CT and CAT look at?
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computerized axial tomography
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What does a MRI look at?
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magnetic resonance imaging
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What is the procedure to a CAT scan?
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the patient is injected with radioactive dye and X-ray equipment photographs the brain from different angles
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What is the procedure to a MRI?
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uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field to provide pictures
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Which test is superior, MRI or CAT?
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MRI
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What is neuroanatomy?
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brain structure
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What tests are used to detect brain functioning?
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PET and fMRI
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What is behavioral genetics?
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looks at how much familial patterns are due to genetics or environment
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What are loci?
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specific places on specific chromosomes
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What is the building block of life?
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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What is the human genome?
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the collection of DNA that exists in humans
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How many genes back up each person?
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20,000 to 25,000
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What is the law of segregation and who discovered it?
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an individual receives one of two elements from each parent and Gregor Mendel
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What is dominant?
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the expressed trait
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What is recessive?
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the present but typically not expressed trait
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What are the approaches to behavioral genetics?
answer
family, twin, and adoption studies
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What is familial aggregation studies?
answer
examine whether the family members of someone with a particular disorder are more likely to have that disorder than are family members of people without the disorder
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What is the proband?
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a person with a particular disorder in a familial aggregation study
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What is the family history method?
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uses information from one or a few family members to provide information about other family members
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What is the family study method?
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direct interviews with each consenting family member
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Which method is more reliable, family study or family history?
answer
family study
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What are monozygotic twins?
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identical
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What are dizygotic twins?
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fraternal
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What does molecular genetics use?
answer
genomewide linkage analyses, candidate gene association studies, genomewide association studies
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What is genomewide linkage analysis?
answer
narrows the search for genes from the entire genome to specific areas on specific chromosomes
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What do researchers need to run a linkage analysis?
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large families in which individuals have a particular disorder or large sample of relatives who both have the illness
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What is a candidate gene association study?
answer
scientists compare specific genes in a large group of individuals who have a specific trait or disorder to those without the disorder
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What is the drawback of the candidate gene association study?
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when replicated, the results alter
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What is the genomewide association study?
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looks at hundreds of thousands of possible genetic variants
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What is epigenetics?
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focuses on heritable changes in the expression of genes by environmental exposures
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What year was the DSM-I created?
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1952
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How many categories of mental disorders were in the DSM-I?
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106
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How many disorders did the DSM-II have? When was it published?
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182; 1968
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In 1968, what did the DSM mainly include?
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psychodynamic perspective that looked at symptoms as reflections of broad underlying conflicts or maladaptive reactions to life problems
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The DSM III was focused mainly on?
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biomedical approaches
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When was the DSM-III published?
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1980
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How many categories was in the DSM-III?
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265
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How many categories was in the DSM-III-R?
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292
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When was the DSM-IV created?
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1994
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How many categories was in the DSM-IV?
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297
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When was the DSM-IV-TR published?
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2000
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How many categories is in the DSM-5?
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237
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What approach does the DSM-5 use?
answer
developmental
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What is an alternative to the DSM classification system?
answer
International classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD)
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Who published the ICD?
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World Health Organization
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What is comorbidity?
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the presence of more than one disorder
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How many people who have one mental disorder have symptoms that meet the criteria for at least one other disorder?
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almost half
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What are culture-bound syndromes?
answer
sets of symptoms that occur together uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups
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What is ataque de nervios?
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anxiety syndrome that occurs uniquely in Latinos
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How many symptoms must be present for a diagnosis?
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four of six
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When was homosexuality taken off the DSM?
answer
1974
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What is Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality?
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sexual orientation inconsistent with one's fundamental beliefs and personality
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What is one alternative to categorical diagnostic systems?
answer
dimensional classification
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What is heterogeneity?
answer
multiple symptoms within diagnostic categories
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What is abnormal psychology?
answer
subfield of psychology devoted to the study of mental disorders
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What is the 3rd leading cause of death?
answer
mental disorder
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How many people have a severe mental disorder in their lifetime?
answer
6%
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Mental disorder shortens the lifespan by how much?
answer
25 years
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What percent of the population have schizophrenia?
answer
1%
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What components are involved in defining abnormal behavior?
answer
being different, deviance, development and maturity, dysfunction/distress, help seeking, and irrationality/dangerous
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What is normative?
answer
something a lot of people do
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What is normal?
answer
part of the natural process
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What disorders typically don't seek help?
answer
anorexia
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In pre 5th century BC, what was believed to cause abnormal behavior?
answer
demonic possession
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What was the treatment in pre 5th century BC?
answer
exorcism
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What is somatogensis?
answer
mental illness came from something wrong in the body
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What was the treatment for too much blood?
answer
bloodletting with leeches
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What was the treatment for too much black bile?
answer
vomit
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What was the treatment for too much yellow bile?
answer
drink water
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What was the treatment for too much phlegm?
answer
bring mucus from sinus cavaities
question
Who were mainly accused of witchcraft in the middle ages?
answer
mentally ill
question
What was the dunking test?
answer
dunk you into the river and if you can breathe when you came out, you were a witch. If you drowned, you were not a witch. If you lived, they would burn you alive
question
What change occurred during the Renaissance?
answer
more interest in scientific thinking
question
What did Paracelsus believe?
answer
mental illness was more biological
question
What is the psychogenic approach?
answer
something wrong with the mind causes physical syptoms
question
Who was Philippe Pinel?
answer
ran La Bicetre and Salpetiere and was appalled by the inhumane conditions
question
Who was William Tuke?
answer
York retreat in England; a house where those with mental illness could live and work
question
Who was Dorothea Dix?
answer
establishment of state hospitals in US for people who could not afford private hospitals
question
What was involuntary confinement?
answer
you didn't get out until they let you out
question
What is thorazine?
answer
tranquiler originally used for horses
question
What is lithium and valium?
answer
sedating medications
question
Who was prescribed valium often?
answer
housewifes
question
When did medications come about?
answer
1950s
question
What occurred in the later 20th century?
answer
deinstitualization
question
What allowed deinstitualization to occur?
answer
medications
question
What is the average length of stay in the 21st century?
answer
3 to 5 days
question
What is a paradigm?
answer
overall scientific worldview, which radically shifts at various points in history
question
When is the term insanity used?
answer
in the legal system
question
What is an exorcism?
answer
religious exercise involving prayer, holy water, and incantations in hopes to remove the demon
question
How else was demonic possession treated?
answer
chained people to church walls
question
Where people open about their mental disorder in the pre 5th century?
answer
No, they wanted to hide it
question
What was the result of trephination?
answer
often death, though some survived
question
What is the Hippocratic oath?
answer
physician's take it today
question
What occurs if there is too much blood in the body?
answer
bipolar disorder
question
What did the Renaissance bring about?
answer
interest in scientific thinking
question
What did Paracelsus believe?
answer
mental illness was more biological
question
What were Asylums like up to the late 1700s?
answer
stone structure, dirt floor, chained up, would only be given straw for the bed if even allowed to sleep, no treatment, excreted wherever they could, bugs and rats, rarely got visitors, charged admittance for the public to gauk and taut them
question
What was Bedlam? When did it occur?
answer
state funded hospital turned over to London to be an insane asylum in 1547
question
What is syphilis and when was it prevalent?
answer
an STD caused by bacteria; 18th and 19 centuries
question
Why was syphilis so important to mental health?
answer
it had symptoms similar to psychosis (psychogenic approach) and bolstered the idea of somata genes
question
How did the psychogenic approach gain recognition? Why?
answer
hysteria; these people had physical symptoms without physical reason
question
What are some symptoms of hysteria?
answer
paralysis, peripheral vision lose
question
What were the public hospital like in 1773?
answer
at first not great, but improvement occurred over time
question
What was La Bicetre?
answer
an asylum for men led by Philippe Pinel
question
What was Salpetriere?
answer
an asylum for women
question
What was the treatment for the York Retreat?
answer
work
question
What is happening to Dorothea Dix's work?
answer
it is being reversed
question
What type of therapy occurred in the 20th century?
answer
more inhumane, talk therapies
question
What type of therapy developed in the later 20th century?
answer
psychotherapies
question
What was the emphasis in the 21st century?
answer
medication versus psychotherapy
question
What is the biological paradigm?
answer
medical/disease model
question
What is the main question of behavioral genetics?
answer
how much is it genetics and how much is it other things?
question
What is the concordance rate?
answer
the rate which if one twin has the disorder, the other has it
question
What is the heritablility estimate?
answer
estimation of amount of genetic involvement in a trait or behavior
question
How do they often study behavioral genetics?
answer
twin studies, adoption method, family studies, molecular genetics, epigenetics, brain processes
question
How can traumatic childhoods change us?
answer
changes our genetic expression
question
How can diet of our grandparents affect us?
answer
changes our diets
question
What is dopamine often involved in?
answer
addiction and schizophrenia
question
What is seratonin often involved in?
answer
depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
question
What is norepinephenine involved in?
answer
anxiety and depression to some extent
question
What is gaba involved in?
answer
anxiety and almost of the disorders
question
What is acetylcholi involved in?
answer
memory (alzheimer's)
question
What is glutamate involved in?
answer
schizophrenia
question
What is brain structure?
answer
the physical structure
question
What is brain function?
answer
how active a brain area is
question
When is insula active?
answer
when a person is detecting if they are hungry or full and when reading our environment
question
How can insula cause a mental disorder?
answer
eating disorders
question
What is the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic paradigm?
answer
looks at unconscious processes
question
What are some defense mechanisms?
answer
repression, projection, displacement, intellectualization, reaction formation, denial, sublimination
question
What is the current paradigm?
answer
Integration Paradigm
question
What is the integration paradigm?
answer
looks at both biological and psychological factors
question
Who was a big proponent of the Biopsychosocial model? When?
answer
George Engel in 1977
question
What are biological factors?
answer
genetics, neurotransmitters, brain structure/function
question
What are psychological factors?
answer
family experiences, trauma, self-esteem, beliefs about oneself, others, and the world
question
What are social factors?
answer
SES, suppression of emotions in boys in our culture, eating disorders due to body image, cultural beliefs, social support
question
What is the DSM?
answer
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
question
Who develops the DSM?
answer
American Psychiatric Association
question
What edition of the DSM is being used now? When did it come out?
answer
5th edition; 2013
question
Why is the 5th edition numerical while the rest are roman numeral?
answer
to bring into like with the ICD
question
When was the DSM I published?
answer
1952
question
How many categories are in the DSM 1?
answer
106
question
How is the DSM I structured?
answer
neurotic to psychotic
question
What is neurotic?
answer
clear with reality
question
What is psychotic?
answer
hallucinating with no grasp on reality
question
What was the symptom describer in the DSM I like?
answer
about cause
question
When was the DSM II published?
answer
1968
question
When was the DSM III published?
answer
1980
question
When was the DSM III-R published?
answer
1987
question
Why was the DSM III-R publlished?
answer
to correct for minor revisions
question
When was the DSM IV published?
answer
1994
question
When was the DSM IV TR published?
answer
2000
question
Why was the DSM IV TR published?
answer
test revisions; didn't change any disorders
question
What ICD is currently being used?
answer
10
question
How many categories is in the DSM 5?
answer
237
question
What is the differences between the DSM 5 and DSM IV TR?
answer
in 5, more considerations of gender and age In IV, a multiaxial classification system was used
question
What are the axial's of the DSM IV TR?
answer
Axis I: clinical disorder Axis II: mental retardation, personality disorders Axis III: health conditions Axis IV: environmental problems and stressors Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
question
What is the GAF?
answer
0-100 scale with the higher the number the higher the functioning
question
Why was the GAF not used in the DSM 5?
answer
a lot of criticism
question
What other items should we look at when clinically describing?
answer
educational and occupational problems, housing and economic problems, relational problems, problems with social environment, abuse and neglect, crime and legal system, access to medical care, others (military deployment, victim of natural disaster, war torn environment), and nonadherence to treatment
question
What replaced Axis V in DSM 5?
answer
WHODAS
question
What is now Axis I and II?
answer
now codes for mental disorders
question
What are some issues in diagnosis?
answer
not an exact system, many do not fit neatly into categories, stereotyping and stigmatizing, diagnoses over time, medicalizing life's problems and pathogizing people
question
Why is the DSM and diagnosis necessary though?
answer
to communicate with mental health providers
question
What is reliability?
answer
how good are our categories
question
What are some imaging techniques?
answer
fMRI, PET
question
What is interrater agreement?
answer
if a person is interviewed by rater A, we need rater B to agree given the same presentation
question
What is test-restest reliability?
answer
the same disorder over time has the same symptoms
