What Are The 5 D’s? – Flashcards
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What are the 5 D's
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-Danger- does the person pose a danger -Deviance- departure from the norm that reflects a particular culture requires "specific circumstances" -Distress- to what degree does this distress occur before considered abnormal? (to themselves or others) -Duration- how long has this been going on? -Dysfunction- does it interfere with daily functioning? Give examples?
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what does dys mean
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painful
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Tarasoff Case Law
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boyfriend killed girlfriend for breaking up with him and told therapist, but the therapist couldn't tell anyone. Now the practitioner has to warn patient and intended victims that they could be at risks. Practitioners now have to report when someone is at risk of being in danger, child neglect, abuse, mistreatment of elderly.
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What are the 3 parts of treatments?
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-a sufferer -a trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and society -a series or one contact in which the healer and sufferer interact and try to facilitate change
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trephination
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an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to relieve the evil spirits from their head
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4 humors of the Greeks and Romans
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-Hippocrates (Hippocratic Oath) -Yellow Bile (excess mania) -Black Bile (Melancholia/ depression today) -Blood and Phlegm (blood letting)
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blood letting
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-leach sucks out all of the blood or they use a scalpel -treatment for disorders
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around the renaissance what was happening with disorders
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-rise of the asylums -bed lam or "lunatics ball" -use of the "crib"
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Somatogenic Perspective
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-2400 years of history -soma-flesh -genic-rising -rising from the flesh -psychological functioning has physical causes
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Emil Kraeplin
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-German Researcher -1st system of classifying mental disorders- disorders were physical in nature -categorize disorders -physical cause?
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Sigmund Freud
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-Birth of psychoanalysis -forms of mental illnesses are psychogenic and unconscious psychological disorders
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Deinstitutionalization
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the practice begun in the 1960's, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals
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Placebo
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inert substance that gives you some positive benefit -obecalp
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nacebo
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inert substance that gives you some negative effect
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Nomothetic understanding
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a general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal psychological functioning in the form of laws or principles
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case studies
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a detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems
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correlational studies
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a research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other
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longitudinal study
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a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time
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epidemiological studies
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a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population
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Independent variable
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the variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether i has an effect on another variable
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dependent variable
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the variable in an experiment that is expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated
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cofounds
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in an experiment, a variable other than the independent variable that is also acting on the dependent variable
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control group
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in an experiment, a group of participants who are not exposed to the independent variable
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation
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random assignment
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a selection procedure that ensures that participants are randomly placed either in the control group or in the experimental group
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blind assignment
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an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control condition
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Biological model
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-neurons (flow= dendrite-cell body- axon) and glial cells (glue cells)
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Biological abnormality sources
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-genetics -evolutionary- adaptive functioning -viral infection implications (e.g. schizophrenia resulting from influenza virus in utero)
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Biological treatments
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drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
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Phases of drug testing
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-takes 10 years -cost up to $350 million
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psychodynamic model
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-oldest model -sigmund freud, josef breuer, carl jung, alfred adler -id, ego, superego
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id
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pleasure principle
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ego
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reality principle
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superego
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conscience
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ego defense mechanism
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-repression, denial, projection, rationalization, displacement, intellectualization, regression -reaction formations (freud)
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behavioral model
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-conditioning (operant, classical, modeling) -systematic desensitization -too simplistic? limitations?
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reaction formations
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an ego defense mechanism whereby one counters an unacceptable desire by taking on lifestyle that directly opposes the unwanted impulse
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cognitive model
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-albert ellis, aaron beck -problems arise from faulty assumptions, interpretations, cognitive distortions -assessing the model- broad appeal, applicable to the individual, research oriented, acceptance and commitment therapy
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acceptance and commitment therapy
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practice mindfulness and meditation
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Humanistic approach
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existential model (pursue meaning in life, self-actualized, freedom of choice) concerned with self-actualization, client centered therapy (Carl Rogers; unconditional positive regard)
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free association
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a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant
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transference
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according to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feeling associated with important figures in the patient's life now, or in the past
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Classification systems
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-Emil Kraepelin leads to DSM-V -Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (DSM-V)
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Approximately how many mental disorders are there now?
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400
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what are the different kinds of mental disorders
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-anxiety disorders (e.g. GAD, panic disorders, separation anxiety) -mood or depressive disorder (e.g. major depression, moderate depression, mild depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar, cyclomathia)
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DSM-V problems
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-practitioner disagreements over disorders -predictive validity- helpful but DSM-V may be based on weak research
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HIPAA
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Health insurance portability accountability act
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Efficacy treatments
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-meta-analysis -rapprochement movement -cognitive behavioral therapy -drug treatment -moderate to severe anxiety/ depression
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meta-analysis
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(take lots of studies) of therapy concludes that therapy is more helpful than none at all or placebo
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what does efficacy mean
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effectiveness of treatment
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rapprochement movement
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attempting to define characteristics of successful treatment, regardless of orientation (why do treatments work? why is someone getting better?)
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cognitive behavioral therapy
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David burns- The Feeling Good Handbook (Bibliotherapy)
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what was the greek and roman philosophy on mental disorders?
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focused on underlying physical pathology. thought that their must be an internal cause for abnormal behavior
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who was Johann Weyer
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-during the renaissance -german physician -the first physician to specialize in mental illness -believed the mind could get sick like the body -founder of the modern study of psychopathology
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Bedlam
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horrible mental hospital in Europe that became a tourist attraction
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psychogenic perspective
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the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
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define humors
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according to the greeks and romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning
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what are the limitations of case studies?
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-the rely on subjective evidence, assuming that the effect must have been caused by their independent variable -things that may seem important in one case may have nothing to do with other cases
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incidence
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the number of new cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time
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prevalence
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the total number of cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time
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repression
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person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious
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denial
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person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
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projection
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person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals
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rationalization
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person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
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displacement
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person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and on to a safer substitute
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intellectualization
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person represses emotional reactions in favor of over logical response to a problem
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regression
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person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibley
