question

importance of context

answer

a behavior isolated from context can make it difficult to determine whether a behavior is abnormal or not

question

the four D's- defining abnormality

answer

deviance, dysfunction, distress, danger

question

deviance

answer

one definition: statistical infrequency appeal: most psychological disorders occur in a minority of population limitations: how rare, adaptive? second definition: deviation from the norm appeal: many symptoms of disorders deviate from what is considered to be normal behavior (or emotion)

question

another limitation of deviance: cultural relativism

answer

norms of each culture set the standards for normal behavior; no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal ex) bereavement. with-in culture standards also evolve over time ex) hysteria, drapetomania (slaves trying to get away from owners)

question

dysfunction

answer

functional impairment (work, relationship). appeals: many disorders do lead to functional impairment. limitations: who defines the dysfunction? someone who is terrified of planes but can keep a job

question

(personal) distress

answer

psychological suffering appeal: most disorders present some degree of distress limitation: some abnormal behavior is not distressing ex) delusions, antisocial behavior

question

wakefield's "harmful dysfunction"

answer

1) failure of internal mechanism to perform its natural 2) condition is harmful based on the standards of that person's culture

question

danger

answer

danger to yourself or others appeal: when someone poses a danger to themselves or others, it can be a sign of severe psychological problems limitations: many people with psychological disorders do not present a danger to themselves or others; some people are a danger to themselves for reasons other than a mental illness ex) ghandi's hunger strike

question

cross cultural comparisons of abnormal behavior

answer

some mental disorders consistent across cultures ex) schizophrenia; some are not consistent like culturally bound syndromes koro and kayak angst

question

what can we learn from this cross-cultural perspective?

answer

1. all mental disorders shaped by cultural factors 2. no disorders are tied solely to cultural factors 3. psychotic disorders are less influenced by cultural factors than non psychotic disorders 4. symptoms vary across cultures more than the disorders themselves

question

diagnostic systems

answer

International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems (ICD-10); Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Version 4- Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)

question

incidence

answer

number of new cases (onset) in a given period

question

prevalence

answer

number of active cases in a population at a point in time

question

lifetime prevalence

answer

percentage of people who have experienced a disorder at any time in their lives

question

comorbidity

answer

presence of more than one condition in the same time period

question

Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA)

answer

20k people reported: 32% lifetime prevalence for at least one diagnosis

question

Global Burden of Disease Study

answer

mental health issues account for only: 1% of deaths but 28% of disability worldwide. 47% of disability in economically developed nations (2nd to cardiovascular disease and ahead of cancer)

question

gender differences in certain disorders

answer

depression: women 21, men 13 anxiety: women 31, men 19 substance abuse: women 18, men 35 antisocial personality: men 6, women 1

question

definition of treatment

answer

procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior

question

features of therapy- jerome frank

answer

1. a sufferer 2. a trained healer 3. series of contacts between the sufferer and healer

question

conflicts in treating psychological disorders

answer

disagreement about the best methods to treat psychological disorders, or what is valid. lack of agreement about successful outcomes (how are these measured?) are clinicians seeking to cure? or to teach?

question

who provides treatment?

answer

social workers 125,000 counselors 61,100 clinical psychologists 56,200 psychiatrists 33,500 marriage and fam therapists 29,900 psychiatric nurses 11,300

question

trephination

answer

early form of psychosurgery

question

hippocrates

answer

all pathology results of an imbalance of the humors<- different temperaments or colors. treatment options- corrective diet and behaviors

question

middle ages: supernatural forces

answer

demonology- mental illness caused by demons, evil spirits. treatment options= drive the demons out- flogging, poison, prayers, exorcism

question

renaissance: rise of asylums

answer

asylum- "safe" st. mary's of bethlehem in london "Bedlam" treatment options: bloodletting, restraints, or nothing

question

1800s: moral treatment movement

answer

humane, respectful treatment of the mentally ill- key figures Pinel (france) and Dorothea Dix "unchain the insane"- fewer restraints, more open wards, engage in activities, discussion of problems development of modern psychiatry

question

decline of moral treatment

answer

treatment with humanity and dignity was insufficient. still no clear/cohesive/ineffective treatment approach overcrowding/poor outcomes 1850s- 1,000s 1900s- 100,000 1950s- 600,000

question

psychogenic perspective

answer

mental illnesses are caused by a psychological problem hypnosis- can alleviate pain based on mental issues psychoanalysis- let people talk about things key figure- freud

question

somatogenic perspective

answer

mental illness caused by something biological key figures- hippocrates, emil kraeplin (father of modern diagnostic approach) lobotomy much later-> psychotropic medications ex) syphilis-> general paresis (causes mental illness)

question

deinstitutionalization

answer

1950s: intro of antipsychotics resulted in: people stopped taking their meds families don't know how to handle them they don't know how to function in real world once people start taking meds and get better they stop taking them

question

etiology

answer

study of the causal patterns of abnormal behavior

question

prominent paradigms

answer

biological model psychodynamic model behavioral model cognitive model humanistic model sociocultural model

question

biological paradigm

answer

abnormal behavior is viewed as a physical illness, particularly caused by a malfunctioning brain

question

biological theories of mental disorders

answer

1. structural theories- mental disorders caused by abnormalities in brain structure 2. biochemical theories- caused by imbalances (or poor reception) of neurotransmitterss 3. genetic theories- caused by disordered genes

question

autonomic nervous system

answer

part of peripheral NS. controls involuntary body functions and reactions to stressors 2 subsets: sympathetic NS- fight or flight parasympathetic NS- slows down

question

frontal lobe

answer

executive functioning and complex behavior

question

hippocampus

answer

memory center

question

amygdala

answer

emotion and aggression/fear (limbic system)

question

hypothalamus

answer

regulates drives and hormones. fight or flight response

question

neural communication

answer

shoots electrical communication then neurotransmitters turn into chemical communication

question

communication between neurons

answer

occurs at the gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another, called a synapse

question

possible routes of neurotransmitter dysfunction

answer

oversupply or undersupply may relate to: rate of production availability in synapse regulation of use/reuptake

question

agonists

answer

mimic neurotransmitter- stimulant ex) nicotine/ach

question

antagonists

answer

block neurotransmitter ex) curare (causes paralysis)

question

reuptake inhibitors

answer

left over neurotransmitters go back ex) SSRIs- treats depression

question

endocrine system

answer

hormones- chemical messengers of the body, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis- implicated in depression and anxiety

question

behavior genetics

answer

heritability: percentage is due to genetics concordance: presence in both twins

question

twin studies

answer

conducted to examine heritability of a trait (psychological disorder) examine concordance rates of monozygotic and dizygotic twins MZ= identical 100% of same genes DZ= fraternal 50% of same genes

question

concordance is higher for MZ twins than DZ twins

answer

supports role of genetics

question

concordance is high for both types of twins

answer

supports role of shared environment

question

concordance is low for both types of twins

answer

supports role of unshared environments

question

biological treatments

answer

psychotropic medications (pharmacotherapy) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- rate of improvement 98% don't know why it works neurosurgery- lobotomy, removing parts of brain

question

common classes of medications

answer

anxiolytics antidepressants mood stabilizers antipsychotics and atypicals

question

anxiolytics

answer

minor tranquilizers- acute effects (right away) xanax, valium

question

antidepressants

answer

not only for depression prozac, zoloft

question

mood stabilizers

answer

anti-bipolar drugs first step done for a bipolar treatment lithium, depakote

question

antidepressants and atypicals

answer

haldol and risperdal

question

pros of biological model

answer

effective for many people/disorders, makes people feel better that they're not causing it and body is; biological problems are easier to treat when problem is figured out

question

cons of biological model

answer

take away personal responsibility; causes dependency; side effects; incomplete explanations/evidence

question

psychodynamic paradigm

answer

abnormal behavior caused by unconscious conflict-> deterministic sigmund freud hysteria: psychological conflict converted to physical symptoms conflicts between id, ego, and superego result in anxiety

question

consciousness

answer

info in your immediate awareness ego-rational

question

preconscious

answer

info which can easily be made conscious superego- develop by 5, rules over both

question

unconscious

answer

thoughts, feelings, urges, and other info that is difficult to bring to awareness id- impulsive, irrational

question

repression

answer

don't allow painful/dangerous thoughts to become conscious

question

denial

answer

refuse to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

question

projection

answer

attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals

question

rationalization

answer

create a socially acceptable reason for an action that reflects unacceptable motives

question

reaction formation

answer

adopt behavior that is the exact opposite of impulses he/she is afraid to acknowledge ex) homosexual feelings-> strong homophobia

question

displacement

answer

displace hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute

question

intellectualization

answer

repress emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem

question

regression

answer

retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly

question

sublimation

answer

expresses sexual and aggressive energy in ways that are acceptable to society

question

therapy procedures for psychodynamic

answer

free association- say a word and say first thing comes to mind (ink blots) therapist interpretation- resistance, transference (develop feelings for therapist, they feel this toward something else but transfer to therapist), and dreams catharsis- freud -> relive the emotional experience working through

question

pros of psychodynamic model

answer

look beyond biological explanations first psychosocial treatment set stage for many therapies

question

cons of psychodynamic model

answer

can take a long time (expensive) difficult to research/prove requires insight

question

behavioral paradigm

answer

abnormal behavior caused by one's learning history classical conditioning (pavlov) operant conditioning (skinner) modeling and observational learning (bandura)

question

classical conditioning

answer

learning about the associations of stimuli; simple learning; one way phobias may be formed ex) pavlov's dogs

question

classical conditioning: pavlov's findings

answer

neutral stimulus-> no response (bell) unconditioned stimulus-> unconditioned response (food and salivate) unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus-> unconditioned response (food + bell -> salivate) conditioned stimulus-> conditioned response (bell -> salivate)

question

classical conditioning phobia creation

answer

conditioned emotional response ex) fear, anxiety generalization (involved in phobia creation) extinction (involved in treating a phobia)

question

operant conditioning

answer

learning is based on consequences of behavior (punishment, reinforcement) helps therapists understand how unhealthy behaviors formed, increase the frequency of healthier behaviors

question

modeling

answer

albert bandura learn by imitating others ex) bobo doll study, kids watch adults fight doll and then kids fight them but other kids who didn't watch didn't do it helps therapists understand how unhealthy behaviors form and teach healthier behaviors

question

pros of behavioral model

answer

can be tested, quite successful treatments

question

cons of behavioral model

answer

not all disorders acquired this way, improvements in therapy do not always apply to real life, too simplistic

question

cognitive-behavioral paradigm

answer

therapies: rational emotive therapy (albert ellis) cognitive behavioral therapy (aaron beck) experience -> thoughts -> behavior focuses on thoughts or beliefs as causing or maintaining psychological symptoms

question

Beck's cognitive therapy

answer

recognize negative, biased thoughts; jumping to conclusions, black and white challenge dysfunctional thoughts ex) look for evidence try more functional interpretations eventually more functional thoughts reality/evidence based -> not just positive thinking

question

third wave cognitive approaches

answer

mindfulness- pay attention to thoughts, but do not judge them acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)- "a thought is just a thought"

question

treatment in cognitive therapies

answer

discussion of thoughts, identifying overgeneralizations or potential distortions

question

pros of cognitive model

answer

can be studied/tested; shown to be effective

question

cons of cognitive model

answer

don't know causal relationship doesn't help everyone

question

humanistic-existential paradigm

answer

humanistic: positive view of human nature drive to self-actualization- accept weakness existential: behavior is product of free will goal: accurate awareness of self, live authentically abnormal behavior is a product of conditions of worth

question

features of humanistic/client centered approach

answer

unconditional positive regard- non judgmental support accurate empathy- skillful listening and restatement genuineness- sincere communication goal: increase self-acceptance and personal value

question

humanistic-existential treatments

answer

gestalt: self-recognition/acceptance through challenging clients techniques= skillful frustration, role-playing, here and now existential: accept responsibility for lives, choose a better course with stronger values

question

pros of humanistic-existential

answer

positive influence on clinical practice appealing focus on optimism, health

question

cons of humanistic-existential

answer

not supported by/difficult to research not enough...

question

sociocultural paradigm

answer

societal labels and roles- Rosenham (1973) study (normal people went into psych ward as schizophrenics and see how label affects how people treat you) social networks and supports- helps prevent mental illness family structure and communication- family systems theory abnormal behavior best understood by looking at broader social influences

question

family-social treatments

answer

group therapy: self-help group family therapy couples/marital therapy community mental health: preventative care

question

multicultural perspectives

answer

understanding the roles of: race, ethnicity, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, prejudice, discrimination multicultural treatments: culture-sensitive, gender-sensitive, feminist

question

pros of sociocultural model

answer

more appealing to minority populations increased awareness of influence of family, culture, and societal issues

question

cons of sociocultural model

answer

research is descriptive only unable to predict for individuals

question

biopsychosocial perspective

answer

emphasis on biological processes, genetic factors-> emphasis on interpersonal relationships and social environment-> emphasis on psychological factors, such as early childhood experience and self-concept

question

assessment

answer

process of collecting relevant information to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally, and how that person may be helped

question

idiographic approach

answer

look at individual

question

nomothetic approach

answer

look at a population

question

three main categories of tools used in an assessment

answer

depend on the clinician's theoretical orientation 1. tests 2. clinical interviews 3. observations

question

characteristics of assessment tools

answer

1) have high reliability (can be repeated) 2) have high validity (you are measuring what you intend to measure-accuracy) 3) be standardized (make sure everyone is taking same level of difficulty of tests) 4) have established norms (group to compare it to)

question

reliability

answer

the consistency of a test or diagnosis resulting from a test. 2 main types: 1. inter-rater (two people diagnosing, will both come up with the same diagnosis) 2. test-retest (if I give a test one day, one week later will I get same results?)

question

validity

answer

the extent to which a test is accurately measuring what it is supposed to measure: Face validity- appears to measure what it is supposed to measure Concurrent validity- agreement with others Predictive validity- correctly predicts future characteristics or behavior

question

standardization

answer

common steps to be followed whenever the test is administered. steps: administration, scoring, interpretation

question

clinical interviews

answer

face to face encounters that are often the first contact between a client and a clinician. used to collect detailed info, especially personal history about a client. -can be structured (set questions) or unstructured (conversation)

question

advantages of clinical interviews

answer

Control over the interaction observation of nonverbal behavior lots of info in a short time

question

disadvantages of clinical interviews

answer

Client may be unable/unwilling to answer accurately Interviewers may be biased of may make mistakes in judgment Reliability issues

question

clinical tests

answer

devices for gathering info about specific aspects of psychological functioning; 6 categories

question

6 categories of clinical tests

answer

1. projective 2. personality 3. response inventories 4. psychophysiological 5. neurological and neuropsychological 6. intelligence

question

projective tests

answer

require that clients interpret vague and ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction. Mainly used by psychodynamic practitioners. Ex) Rorschach (ink blots), thematic apperception test (a picture can tell a story that you see in it with yourself in it.

question

advantages of projective tests

answer

Helpful for providing "supplementary" info ex) creativity Useful for those who want to assess unconscious attitudes/beliefs

question

disadvantages of projective tests

answer

Generally low reliability/validity Very time consuming to score Few established norms Possible cultural bias (all white people in picture)

question

improving roschach: exner's comprehensive system

answer

standardizes administration, provides detailed scoring guide, normative data, valid for schizophrenia. BUT 30% will meet schizo criteria, low validity for depression, low inter-rater reliability

question

personality tests

answer

designed to measure broad personality characteristics; focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings; Most widely used: Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)

question

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)

answer

Created using 10 clinical scales + subscales (depression, hypochondriasis, paranoia, hypomania). 567 TF questions; three validity scales assess lying, confusion or carelessness

question

advantages of personality tests

answer

Easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests Objectively scored Standardized Good reliability and validity

question

disadvantages of personality tests

answer

Not perfectly valid- could they ever really be? Cultural limitations- religious beliefs

question

response inventories

answer

self-report questionnaires that focus on one specific area of functioning; Ex) BDI-depression, Dysfunctional attitude scale (cognitive)

question

3 types of response inventories

answer

affective (emotional) inventories social skills inventories cognitive inventories

question

advantages of response inventories

answer

Short administration time Objectively scored Standardized and normed

question

disadvantages

answer

Variable reliability and validity (depending on inventory) Few checks for carelessness for inaccuracy- potential downfalls of face validity

question

psychophysiological tests

answer

measuring physiological responses as indicators of psychological problems (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure). ex) galvanic skin response, polygraph

question

advantages of psychophysiological tests

answer

less subjective in some cases, reduce response biases/fakery

question

disadvantages of psychophysiological tests

answer

rely on expensive equipment low correlation among measures (no real diagnostic info) individual differences and reaction to equipment

question

neurological tests

answer

directly assess brain function by assessing brain structure and activity ex) EEG, CAT scans (little slices), PET scans (activity w/in specific areas), MRI<-shape and size of brain

question

neuropsychological test

answer

indirectly assess brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning ex) bender visual-motor gestalt test (show a picture and ask you to draw them)

question

advantages of neurological and neuropsychological tests

answer

less subjective may rule out neurological factors (if tumor is there) relationship between brain areas and psychological factors

question

disadvantages of neurological and neuropsychological tests

answer

expensive equipment individual differences (lefties) not immune to statistical error

question

intelligence tests

answer

tasks using verbal and non-verbal skills; IQ= (mental age/ chronological age)x 100; wechsler adult intelligence scale & WISC (kids; semi-novel tasks to show abilities not education) stanford binet intelligence scale

question

advantages of intelligence tests

answer

high reliability relatively high validity large normative samples

question

disadvantages of intelligence tests

answer

outside factors influencing performance ex) ADHD cultural considerations

question

3 clinical observations

answer

naturalistic observation analog observation- observing people in a clinical setting ex) your office, one-way mirrors self-monitoring- asking people to keep track of things

question

advantages of clinical observations

answer

may gain info that can't be captured by other assessments (subjects don't know the info or won't share it)

question

disadvantages of clinical observations

answer

monitoring or observing may change behavior cross-situational behavior differences observer factors (already expect them to be anxious)

question

diagnosis

answer

made by trained clinicians using all available info from clinical interviews, tests, and/or observations; determines if problems reflect a particular disorder, based on an existing classification system

question

classification systems

answer

lists of categories, disorders, and symptom descriptions, with guidelines for assignment, focus on clusters of symptoms (syndrome); diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition) (in the US) international classification of diseases (ICD)

question

DSM-IV-TR

answer

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders about 400 disorders describes: inclusion/exclusion criteria, number of symptoms, duration, and impairment/distress, specifiers (subtypes), differential diagnoses (separate which disorder it really is), has a section on culture bound syndromes

question

DSM Multiaxial System

answer

Axis 1- clinical disorders (including major disorders and learning disorders) Axis 2- personality disorders and developmental disabilities Axis 3- relevant general medical conditions Axis 4- psychosocial and environmental problems Axis 5- global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF) 0-100 scale

question

is DSM-IV-TR an effective classification system?

answer

it uses a categorical approach to diagnosis; you either have a disorder or you don't; beneficial for research purposes and for choosing which treatment will likely be most beneficial; reliability and validity better than previous DSM editions

question

2 challenges to categorical system

answer

1. the basic assumption that disorders are qualitatively different from normal behavior 2. reliance on discrete diagnostic categories- assumes no overlap between disorders, why we make differential diagnoses some theorists believe a dimensional approach is better (quantitative v. qualitative)

question

implications of diagnoses

answer

a problem exists with labeling (stigma)

question

examples of neurological tests

answer

electroencephalogram- measures brain waves neuroimaging techniques= take "pictures" of brain structure or brain activity. include: computerized axial tomography (CAT)- x rays of brains structure are taken at different angles. positron emission tomography (PET)- reveals functioning of different areas in the brain while the person undergoes different things magnetic resonance imaging (mri)- produces picture of brain's structure functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)- detailed picture of the functioning brain

question

examples of neuropsychological tests

answer

bender visual-motor gestalt test- 9 cards display a simple design. clients copy each one on a piece of paper later they try to do it again from memory. errors in accuracy are thought to reflect organic brain impairment.

question

purpose of research in clinical psychology

answer

to discover universal laws or principles of the nature, causes, and treatment of abnormal psychological functioning; to gain: a nomothetic understanding of abnormal functioning

question

clinical research

answer

use the scientific method to gain info about abnormal psychological functioning; generate and test hypotheses, about how variables are related to each other, and draw conclusions about why the relationships exist

question

4 types of clinical research

answer

case study correlational method experimental method alternative experimental designs

question

the case study

answer

detailed description of a single person or small group ex) anna o.- freud's client, phineas gage- had a spike in his brain and his temperament changed after

question

pros of case study

answer

study rare diseases/ cases tons of detailed info new ideas/treatment techniques

question

cons of case study

answer

just one area- not generalized (low external validity) a lot of biases subjective evidence low internal validity (is this really what causes it? we don't know driving factors)

question

correlational method

answer

design used to determine how much events or characteristics vary with each other; use correlations to assess relationship strength and direction; negative= if one increases, other decreases and vice versa positive= both go either up or down

question

statistical significance

answer

statistical criterion to reject "no difference", we can say that they are not due by chance

question

practical (clinical) significance

answer

is this clinically useful?

question

correlation and causality

answer

a correlation does not imply that one variable is causally related to the second variable: reverse causality- possible that one could cause the other and vice versa third variables- there could be something else that caused it ex) low self esteem -> depression

question

special forms of correlational research

answer

epidemiological studies longitudinal studies

question

epidemiological studies

answer

incidence and prevalence. incidence= # new cases in a given time; low= not many people develop it ex) diabetes is low prevalence= total # cases in a given time; low= not long lasting ex) cold is low

question

longitudinal studies

answer

follow a group of people over a long period of time; still cannot definitively prove causation but reduce likelihood of reverse causality

question

pros of correlational method

answer

high external validity clinically helpful

question

cons of correlational method

answer

low internal validity- true cause?

question

experimental method

answer

an independent variable is manipulated and the effect of this manipulation are observed on a dependent variable

question

confounding variables

answer

variable that effects results but is not part of your independent/dependent variables

question

control group vs. experimental group

answer

what conditions do they have? as equal as possible

question

random assignment

answer

may be pre-existing differences

question

alternative experimental designs

answer

quasi-experimental (mixed) design natural experiments analogue experiments single-subject research

question

quasi-experimental (mixed) design

answer

ex) child abuse as predictor of treatment; we cannot make people depressed, we cannot randomly assign

question

natural experiments

answer

studying effects of natural phenomenon; we can't create them. ex) anxiety in katrina survivors

question

analogue experiments

answer

ex) medication research in depressed rats; we create the issue being studied

question

single-subject research

answer

case study but you manipulate the environment; try it on one person first. ABAB= child is own control group, multiple baseline= what does disruptive behavior mean? which behavior is going to be considered disruptive? ex) treating extreme disruptive behavior with rewards

question

placebos

answer

designed to provide a comparison condition for medical treatments; dose and modality dependent- how many you give them can affect their expectations; more reactive in some diagnoses than others

question

placebo psychotherapy

answer

studies of psychotherapy treatments sometimes compare to waitlist or to "general supportive treatment"/"treatment as usual" hans strupp's vanderbilt studies- what we can use as placebo conditions, compared people getting treated by a clinical psychologist to others who were just professors

question

the efficacy of therapy- is therapy effective

answer

therapy is greater than no treatment/placebo; in one major meta-analysis (combines the results of several studies with similar hypotheses), average person who received treatment was better off than 75% of the untreated subject

question

the efficacy of therapy- are particular therapies effective

answer

most research suggests each major form of therapy beats no treatment or placebo; bodo bird verdict->all can work. comparison studies have found that no one form of therapy stands out among therapies that have been evaluated. rapprochement movement- why do we care about which is best, we should look to the relationship of common factors

question

the efficacy of therapy- particular therapy for particular problems

answer

some therapies have been found to be more helpful for certain disorders than other therapies; ex) behavioral therapy for specific phobias; some studies focus on the effectiveness of combined approaches to treat certain disorders, usually drug therapy in combination with certain forms of psychotherapy

question

why might a bogus therapy seem to work?

answer

placebo effect works on expectations- of a person believes the treatment rationale if the person seems to be a professional spontaneous remission commonly occurs some treatments might relieve symptoms without curing the disorder

question

empirically supported treatments

answer

to be considered EST, 2 or more studies conducted by independent research teams found the treatment to be one of the following: superior to no treatment, a placebo, or alternative treatment OR equivalent to an established treatment ex) cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression

question

current standards for treatment-outcome research

answer

1. clear operationalization of treatment 2. appropriate control groups 3. randomization-diversity in sample 4. good/established outcome measures 5. "blind" raters/assessors

question

2 types of studies that help determine how well a treatment works

answer

efficacy studies effectiveness studies

question

efficacy studies

answer

results of systematic evaluation of an intervention in controlled clinical research context

question

effectiveness studies

answer

assesses the applicability, feasibility, and generalizability of an intervention when delivered in local settings

question

consumer reports study (1995; 2010)

answer

most people benefit from treatment, long term > short term. no matter what model. problems with this study-> what are they treating, people's diagnoses, what does better look like.

question

addis et al (2004)

answer

panic disorder: cognitive behavioral therapy vs. treatment a usual. both groups improved but CBT better on symptom measures 42.9% vs. 18.8%

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