Test Answers on Abnormal Psych Test 1 – Flashcards

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the study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
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What is abnormal psychology?
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Deviance Distress Dysfunction Danger
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What are the four d's?
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when there is a difference from behaviors, thoughts, and emotions -- deviance from social or cultural norms
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Describe Deviance
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according to clinical guidelines, behavior must be PERSONALLY distressing but sometimes this is not always the case
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Describe Distress
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because sometimes distress and discomfort is normal
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why would we put an check by distress?
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when behaviors, thoughts, and emotions when they interfere with daily functioning of a person
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Describe Dysfunction
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cultural practice and norms
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what plays a role in what is considered dysfunctional?
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when danger is prevalent -- to the person or individuals around them
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Describe Danger
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Jerome Wakefield
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Who came up with the Harmful Dysfunction model?
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a mental disorder must be a dysfunction of a naturally occurring system that is harmful to the person -- judged by cultural standards
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what is the harmful dysfunction model?
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abnormal behaviors, mental disorder
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A set of "_____" are grouped together and it is called a ___ as a whole.
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more than 350
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how many mental disorders are listed in the DSM?
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a clinically significant behavioral and psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with severe psychology distress
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what is a mental disorder according to the DSM?
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a set of symptoms
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what is a syndrome
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yes
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do the syndromes have to be culturally unacceptable to be classified as a mental disorder in the DSM
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Thomas Szasz
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Who said that abnormal deviations is a problem in living, not something wrong within the person?
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when societies invent the concept of mental illness to control people whose unusual patterns of functioning may disrupt the social order
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What is the manufacturing of madness?
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-labels describe behaviors and not people -the location of the problem often may be in question - boundaries are arbitrary
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what are some things to keep in mind when you are defining disorders?
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they thought that abnormalities were the works of EVIL SPIRITS they would try to get rid of them through exorcisms and trephination (when they drilled a hole in the skull so the demons can fly out) SUPERNATURAL
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Ancient views and treatment - Stone age
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they thought that abnormalities have natural causes with imbalances with humors (fluids in the body) they would treat them by trying to rebalance them via bath, massages, etc. NATURAL
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Greek and roman views and treatment
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they thought that abnormalities were a conflict between good and evil and they would try to get rid of them via exorcisms but this became less popular towards the end NATURAL
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Europe in the Middle Ages views and treatment
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Johann Weyer
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Who was the first physician that specialized in mental illnesses
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Johann Weyer
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who is now considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology
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abnormal psych
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what is psychopathology?
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they said that abnormalities had a lot to do with the fact that the mind was like the body -- susceptible to illness
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Renaissance and Rise of Asylums
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Emil Kraepelin
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Who is correlated with the somatogenic perspective?
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this is a view that states that abnormal psychological functioning has PHYSICAL causes, describing the link between biological factors and mental conditions
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Define the Somatogenic Perspective
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Sigmund Freud
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Who is correlated with the Psychogenic perspective
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this is a view that states the the main cause of abnormal functioning are psychological
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Define the psychogenic perspective
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they say that there is somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives (a combination of both)
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describe the current views of abnormality
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Somatogenic (with anti depressants) and psychogenic (with CBT)
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how would you treat someone with a current view of abnormality
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when there was a discovery of many psychotropic medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiety meds) people were pushed out of helpful institutions
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Describe deinstitutionalization
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outpatient care
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what is the primary mode of treatment for all psychological problems
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a short term hospitalization
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when very disturbed people need institutionalization, they are usually given _____
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well yeah, but MANY do not -- most are in the streets or in jail
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do people with severe disturbances receive treatment
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programs that aim to deter mental disorders before they develop
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what can be used as prevention in regards to mental health
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the study and enhancement of psychological well being
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what is positive psychology?
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"nothing goes my way, nothing never works" --- did you wake up,etc.
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give an example of positive psychology?
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models
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In science, perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as _____
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-they provide a set of assumptions and concepts that help to explain and interpret observations - they influence what we should observe, the questions we ask, the info we seek, and interpretation of that info
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why is it important to clarify a perspective, what do they provide
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takes medical perspective
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Biological Model
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psych abnormality is an illness that is brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism (specifically the brain)
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what is the main focus of the biological model
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it gave reasoning as to why biology is important in regards to psych abnormality - when a chunk of the brain was missing, there was a difference in personality
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How is Phineas Gage important in understanding the biological model?
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there is a connection between distinct psych disorders and brain areas -- Huntington's disease and the basal ganglia (MECA)
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Brain Anatomy and Abnormal Behavior -- Describe
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neurons interact with each other
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Brain chemistry and Abnormal Behavior -- Describe
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Pharmacotherapy Electroconvulsive therapy Psychosurgery
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Describe Biological Treatments
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suggests new avenues of understanding and treating psychological struggles
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Strengths of Biological Model
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limits rather than enhances the understanding - too simplistic - evidence is incomplete -treatments can produce more undesirable side-effects
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Weaknesses of Biological Model
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the oldest and most famous psych model
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Psychodynamic Model
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Sigmund Freud
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Who is the father of psychodynamic theory and therapy
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when a persons behavior, abnormal or not, is determined by underlying dynamic psych forces of which the person is not aware
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Define the Psychodynamic Model
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id - the pleasure principal ego- reality principal superego-the morality principal
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List and Define the three forces of the psychodynamic model
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abnormal functioning is a result of a conflict among the three forces
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How did S. Freud Explain normal and abnormal functioning
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when there is a compromise among the three forces
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What is defined as a healthy personality according to S. Freud
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a persons behavior may show signs of dysfunction
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What happens when the id, ego, and superego are in excessive conflict?
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-it was the first to recognize the importance of psychological theories and treatment - first to apply theory and techniques systematically to treatment
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List the strengths of the Psychodynamic Model
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-unsupported ideas and difficult to research - non observable - inaccessible to the human subject (the unconscious)
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List the weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Model
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this model focuses on how behavior is acquired/learned and maintained over time
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Define the Behavioral Model
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Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Modeling
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How is behavior learned in regards to the behavioral model
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this is learning by association -- when two events occur close together over time and the person responds in the same way to both events
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What is Classical Conditioning
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involuntary and automatic
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How is behavior in classical conditioning described as
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when a dog sees a piece of meat -- it salivates when a person introduces a sound along with the meat over time the dog begins to expect that they are relative there fore when there is a discontinuance of the presentation of meat itself and just the sound the dog will salivate because it will expect meat (Unconditioned stimulus producing unconditioned responses turned into conditioned stimulus producing conditioned responses)
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give an example of classical conditioning
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when an organism operates on an environment and produces an effect
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What is operant conditioning?
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B.F. Skinner
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Who is associated with operant conditioning?
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humans learn to behave certain ways as a result of certain consequences of behaviors in a given environmental condition
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Describe operant conditioning in regards to humans
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A-B-C
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Operant Learning is a _____ learning pattern
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Antecedent Behavior Consequence
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What does it mean when someone says operant learning is an A-B-C learning pattern
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when someone has intense anxiety, they drink alcohol and reduce their anxiety then when they become anxious they will go straight to drinking because they learned how to deal with it
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give an example of operant learning
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this is when individuals learn behavior by observing it and repeating it
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describe modeling
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no
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Is there direct reinforcement and direct learning experiences with Modeling
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when adults were placed in a room and children were observing them --- the adults beat a doll and did not get in trouble, so when the children got into the room they decided to beat the doll too because that is what they observed and learned however, when the adults beat the doll and got in trouble, the children decided not to beat the doll because they were aware of the consequences
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give an example of Modeling
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to identify behaviors that cause problems and replace them with more appropriate ones
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what is the aim of behavioral therapies
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-exposure -systematic desensitization -contingency -management -shaping -modeling
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List Behavioral therapies
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-significant research support - rooted in empiricism (data collection)
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list the strengths of the behavioral model
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- too simplistic - downplays the role of cognition
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list the weaknesses of the behavioral model
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this states the cognitive processes is at the center of psych health and psychopathology
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Describe the Cognitive Model
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understanding, thinking, etc.
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what is cognitive processes
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they say that maladaptive thinking is the cause of maladaptive behavior
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what is the cause of psychopathology in regards to the cognitive model
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yes
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are there several kinds of "faulty" thinking
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-overgeneralization - dichotomous thinking
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list the several kinds of "faulty" thinking in regards to the cognitive model
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the Main Cognitive Model, which further breaks down to Beck's Cognitive Therapy (CT)
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What are the Cognitive Therapies
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to help clients recognize and restructure their thinking
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What is the main goal of CT?
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- very broad - clinically useful and effective - focuses on a unique human process - research based - there is a correlation between symptoms and maladaptive cognition
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List the strengths of the Cognitive Model
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- the role of cognition is still unknown - narrow focus - limited effectiveness - verification of cognition is difficult
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List the weaknesses of the Cognitive Model
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since each perspective is valuable to understanding psychopathology, different perspectives are more appropriate under differing conditions
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What is the purpose of the Integration of the Models
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integrative approach
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an ________ provides a general framework for thinking about abnormal behavior, it also allows for specification of facts that are pertinent to particular disorders
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it is said that abnormality is a result from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and social factors
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What is the Biopsychosocial Model, how does it look at abnormality
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dispositional vulnerability -- bio, psycho, social vulnerabilities)
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Define Diathesis
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when a person is vulnerable to a mental disorder AND is under certain situational stress --- the person is them likely to experience a cluster of symptoms known as a mental disorder
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Define the Diathesis Stress Model
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1. come up with a diagnosis 2. describe personality features 3. outline strengths/weaknesses (Cognitive, interpersonal, occupational) 4. treatment recommendations 5. document changes (did they get better)
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What is the goal of assessments
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gather information of individuals (idiographic information)
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How do we assess?
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Assess
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What do you do as a clinician to fully understand clients and their particular difficulties
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when you collect relevant info to reach a conclusion and give direction concerning treatment
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Define Assessment
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- clinical interviews - tests - observations
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List the three categories of assessment tools
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when you understand an individual as a unique entity
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Define Idiographic
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when you make a general inference that applies to a broad group of individuals
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Define Nomothetic
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the reliability and validity of the tests
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What do you consider when assessing? (assessment tools)
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if it is consistent in what you are measuring
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What makes a test reliable?
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when you can compare results at Time 1 and Time 3
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What is Test-Retest (Reliability)?
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when there is a correlation between items
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What is Internal Consistency (Reliability)?
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when you compare even and odd item totals
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What is Split-Half (Reliability)?
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when you compare results of one interviewer with another
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What is Inter-Rater (Reliability)?
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False; not all forms of Reliability are important, it depends on the test
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True or False: All forms of Reliability are important for a given test, the purpose of the test is not important
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this determines how well you are measuring the idea you intend to measure
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What is Validity
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does it look like it is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring
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What is FACE (Validity )?
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when the information correlates with other known measures of construct
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What is CONCURRENT (Validity)?
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when the information correlates with future outcomes
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What is PREDICTIVE (Validity)?
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when it measures all aspects and not just pieces
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What is CONTENT (Validity)?
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True
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True or False: Not all forms of Validity are important for a given test, it depends on the purpose of the test
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They are Face to Face, and are used to collect detailed info about a persons history
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Describe Clinical Interviews
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They can ask a set of questions that are pretty general or they cannot
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What does it mean for a Clinical Interview to be structured or unstructured
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Yes
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Are there limitations with clinical interviews
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- they can lack Validity or accuracy - interviewers may be biased or make mistakes - they may lack reliability, usually unstructured ones
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List and understand the limitations with clinical interviews
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when there is a gathering of information about aspects of a person's psych functioning
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Describe Clinical Tests
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6
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How many categories of clinical tests are there?
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-personality inventories - response inventories (self-report questionnaires) - psycho-physiological tests - neuropsych tests - intelligence tests - projective tests
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What are the categories of clinical tests?
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they measure broad personality characteristics -- focusing on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings --- based on self-reported responses
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Describe Personality Inventories (Clinical Tests)
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the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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what is the most common personality inventory?
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Easy, cheap, and fast to administer Objectively scored and standardized
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List the Strengths of Clinical Tests
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sometimes measured traits cannot be directly examined there are also cultural limitations (people from different cultures may reply in a culturally predictable way but may appear as abnormal compared to a normed group)
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List the Weaknesses of Clinical Tests
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they are usually based on self-reported responses they focus on ONE specific area of functioning
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Describe Response Inventories (Clinical Tests)
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- widely used - face strong validity
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Strengths of Response Inventories
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only some have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, or validity procedures
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Weaknesses of Response Inventories
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they measure physiological responses as indicators as possible psych problems
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Describe Psychophysiological tests (Clinical Tests)
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the polygraph test
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What is the most popular psychophysiological test
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heart rate, BP, body temp, sweat, skin response, muscle contraction
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What do psychophysiological tests DIRECTLY measure
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- can be inaccurate and unrealiable - requires expensive equipment
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Weaknesses of PsychPhysio. tests
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tests that DIRECTLY assess brain function (brain structure and activity)
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Describe Neurological Tests (Clinical Tests)
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EEG, PET scans, MRI
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Give examples of Neurological Tests
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tests the INDIRECTLY assess brain function by measuring cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning
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Describe Neuropsychological tests (Clinical Tests)
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clinicians often use a battery of tests, targeting a specific skill area
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Give example of Neuropsych tests
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indirectly measures intellectual ability by making the test taker have verbal and nonverbal skills
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Describe Intelligence Tests (Clinical Tests)
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- standardized on large groups - very high reliability and validity
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List the strengths of Intelligence Tests
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performance can be influenced by non-intelligence factors
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List the weaknesses of Intelligence Tests
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requires individuals to interpret vague stimuli or follow open-ended instructions
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Describe Projective Tests (Clinical Tests)
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Rorschach Test
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What is the most popular Projective Test
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Psychodynamic Clinicans
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Who mainly uses projective tests?
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helpful for providing supplementary information
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Strengths of Projective tests
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biased against minority groups have no consistently demonstrated much realiably and validity
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Weaknesses of Projective tests
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when you use available information to paint a "clinical picture"
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Describe Clinical Diagnosis
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often known as case conceptualization, this is influenced by one's theoretical orientation
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Define Clinical picture
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a determination of whether an individual's problems reflect a particular disorder
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Define Diagnosis
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- Kraeplin - International Classification of Disease (ICD) - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)
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List the Modern Classification Systems for Mental Illness
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- every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause - each disorder is fundamentally different
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What is Categorical Classification (Approach)
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- there are a number of independent dimensions or traits of behaviors that exist - ALL PEOPLE POSSESS THESE TO VARYING DEGREES
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What is Dimensional Classification (Approach)
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existing classification
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Diagnosis is typically made based on an _____________ (two words) system
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a list of disorders, with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making proper diagnosis
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What does a classification system typically contain?
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the DSM
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What is the most widely used classification system in the United States?
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- facilitates research - helps choose treatment - useful for predictions - useful for building theories
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Pros of the DSM
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- loss of uniqueness - inappropriate generalizations - boundary problems - loss of ability to note severity
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Cons of the DSM
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it does not follow any models of psych abnormality, it identifies and describes syndromes for making a diagnosis
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the DSM is said to be atheoretical what does that mean
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anxiety and depressive
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What are some of the most frequently diagnosed disorders
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dully diagnosed
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a person is said to be ______ (two words) if she/he receives more than one mental disorder
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False, categorical
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True or False: the DSM is a dimensional classification system
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- psychotherapy - medication or a combination of the two
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List Treatment methods
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Behavioral therapy cognitive behavioral therapy interpersonal therapy
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List the Kinds of psychotherapy
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