Test Answers on Abnormal Psych Test 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
the study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
answer
What is abnormal psychology?
question
Deviance Distress Dysfunction Danger
answer
What are the four d's?
question
when there is a difference from behaviors, thoughts, and emotions -- deviance from social or cultural norms
answer
Describe Deviance
question
according to clinical guidelines, behavior must be PERSONALLY distressing but sometimes this is not always the case
answer
Describe Distress
question
because sometimes distress and discomfort is normal
answer
why would we put an check by distress?
question
when behaviors, thoughts, and emotions when they interfere with daily functioning of a person
answer
Describe Dysfunction
question
cultural practice and norms
answer
what plays a role in what is considered dysfunctional?
question
when danger is prevalent -- to the person or individuals around them
answer
Describe Danger
question
Jerome Wakefield
answer
Who came up with the Harmful Dysfunction model?
question
a mental disorder must be a dysfunction of a naturally occurring system that is harmful to the person -- judged by cultural standards
answer
what is the harmful dysfunction model?
question
abnormal behaviors, mental disorder
answer
A set of "_____" are grouped together and it is called a ___ as a whole.
question
more than 350
answer
how many mental disorders are listed in the DSM?
question
a clinically significant behavioral and psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with severe psychology distress
answer
what is a mental disorder according to the DSM?
question
a set of symptoms
answer
what is a syndrome
question
yes
answer
do the syndromes have to be culturally unacceptable to be classified as a mental disorder in the DSM
question
Thomas Szasz
answer
Who said that abnormal deviations is a problem in living, not something wrong within the person?
question
when societies invent the concept of mental illness to control people whose unusual patterns of functioning may disrupt the social order
answer
What is the manufacturing of madness?
question
-labels describe behaviors and not people -the location of the problem often may be in question - boundaries are arbitrary
answer
what are some things to keep in mind when you are defining disorders?
question
they thought that abnormalities were the works of EVIL SPIRITS they would try to get rid of them through exorcisms and trephination (when they drilled a hole in the skull so the demons can fly out) SUPERNATURAL
answer
Ancient views and treatment - Stone age
question
they thought that abnormalities have natural causes with imbalances with humors (fluids in the body) they would treat them by trying to rebalance them via bath, massages, etc. NATURAL
answer
Greek and roman views and treatment
question
they thought that abnormalities were a conflict between good and evil and they would try to get rid of them via exorcisms but this became less popular towards the end NATURAL
answer
Europe in the Middle Ages views and treatment
question
Johann Weyer
answer
Who was the first physician that specialized in mental illnesses
question
Johann Weyer
answer
who is now considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology
question
abnormal psych
answer
what is psychopathology?
question
they said that abnormalities had a lot to do with the fact that the mind was like the body -- susceptible to illness
answer
Renaissance and Rise of Asylums
question
Emil Kraepelin
answer
Who is correlated with the somatogenic perspective?
question
this is a view that states that abnormal psychological functioning has PHYSICAL causes, describing the link between biological factors and mental conditions
answer
Define the Somatogenic Perspective
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
Who is correlated with the Psychogenic perspective
question
this is a view that states the the main cause of abnormal functioning are psychological
answer
Define the psychogenic perspective
question
they say that there is somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives (a combination of both)
answer
describe the current views of abnormality
question
Somatogenic (with anti depressants) and psychogenic (with CBT)
answer
how would you treat someone with a current view of abnormality
question
when there was a discovery of many psychotropic medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiety meds) people were pushed out of helpful institutions
answer
Describe deinstitutionalization
question
outpatient care
answer
what is the primary mode of treatment for all psychological problems
question
a short term hospitalization
answer
when very disturbed people need institutionalization, they are usually given _____
question
well yeah, but MANY do not -- most are in the streets or in jail
answer
do people with severe disturbances receive treatment
question
programs that aim to deter mental disorders before they develop
answer
what can be used as prevention in regards to mental health
question
the study and enhancement of psychological well being
answer
what is positive psychology?
question
"nothing goes my way, nothing never works" --- did you wake up,etc.
answer
give an example of positive psychology?
question
models
answer
In science, perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as _____
question
-they provide a set of assumptions and concepts that help to explain and interpret observations - they influence what we should observe, the questions we ask, the info we seek, and interpretation of that info
answer
why is it important to clarify a perspective, what do they provide
question
takes medical perspective
answer
Biological Model
question
psych abnormality is an illness that is brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism (specifically the brain)
answer
what is the main focus of the biological model
question
it gave reasoning as to why biology is important in regards to psych abnormality - when a chunk of the brain was missing, there was a difference in personality
answer
How is Phineas Gage important in understanding the biological model?
question
there is a connection between distinct psych disorders and brain areas -- Huntington's disease and the basal ganglia (MECA)
answer
Brain Anatomy and Abnormal Behavior -- Describe
question
neurons interact with each other
answer
Brain chemistry and Abnormal Behavior -- Describe
question
Pharmacotherapy Electroconvulsive therapy Psychosurgery
answer
Describe Biological Treatments
question
suggests new avenues of understanding and treating psychological struggles
answer
Strengths of Biological Model
question
limits rather than enhances the understanding - too simplistic - evidence is incomplete -treatments can produce more undesirable side-effects
answer
Weaknesses of Biological Model
question
the oldest and most famous psych model
answer
Psychodynamic Model
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
Who is the father of psychodynamic theory and therapy
question
when a persons behavior, abnormal or not, is determined by underlying dynamic psych forces of which the person is not aware
answer
Define the Psychodynamic Model
question
id - the pleasure principal ego- reality principal superego-the morality principal
answer
List and Define the three forces of the psychodynamic model
question
abnormal functioning is a result of a conflict among the three forces
answer
How did S. Freud Explain normal and abnormal functioning
question
when there is a compromise among the three forces
answer
What is defined as a healthy personality according to S. Freud
question
a persons behavior may show signs of dysfunction
answer
What happens when the id, ego, and superego are in excessive conflict?
question
-it was the first to recognize the importance of psychological theories and treatment - first to apply theory and techniques systematically to treatment
answer
List the strengths of the Psychodynamic Model
question
-unsupported ideas and difficult to research - non observable - inaccessible to the human subject (the unconscious)
answer
List the weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Model
question
this model focuses on how behavior is acquired/learned and maintained over time
answer
Define the Behavioral Model
question
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Modeling
answer
How is behavior learned in regards to the behavioral model
question
this is learning by association -- when two events occur close together over time and the person responds in the same way to both events
answer
What is Classical Conditioning
question
involuntary and automatic
answer
How is behavior in classical conditioning described as
question
when a dog sees a piece of meat -- it salivates when a person introduces a sound along with the meat over time the dog begins to expect that they are relative there fore when there is a discontinuance of the presentation of meat itself and just the sound the dog will salivate because it will expect meat (Unconditioned stimulus producing unconditioned responses turned into conditioned stimulus producing conditioned responses)
answer
give an example of classical conditioning
question
when an organism operates on an environment and produces an effect
answer
What is operant conditioning?
question
B.F. Skinner
answer
Who is associated with operant conditioning?
question
humans learn to behave certain ways as a result of certain consequences of behaviors in a given environmental condition
answer
Describe operant conditioning in regards to humans
question
A-B-C
answer
Operant Learning is a _____ learning pattern
question
Antecedent Behavior Consequence
answer
What does it mean when someone says operant learning is an A-B-C learning pattern
question
when someone has intense anxiety, they drink alcohol and reduce their anxiety then when they become anxious they will go straight to drinking because they learned how to deal with it
answer
give an example of operant learning
question
this is when individuals learn behavior by observing it and repeating it
answer
describe modeling
question
no
answer
Is there direct reinforcement and direct learning experiences with Modeling
question
when adults were placed in a room and children were observing them --- the adults beat a doll and did not get in trouble, so when the children got into the room they decided to beat the doll too because that is what they observed and learned however, when the adults beat the doll and got in trouble, the children decided not to beat the doll because they were aware of the consequences
answer
give an example of Modeling
question
to identify behaviors that cause problems and replace them with more appropriate ones
answer
what is the aim of behavioral therapies
question
-exposure -systematic desensitization -contingency -management -shaping -modeling
answer
List Behavioral therapies
question
-significant research support - rooted in empiricism (data collection)
answer
list the strengths of the behavioral model
question
- too simplistic - downplays the role of cognition
answer
list the weaknesses of the behavioral model
question
this states the cognitive processes is at the center of psych health and psychopathology
answer
Describe the Cognitive Model
question
understanding, thinking, etc.
answer
what is cognitive processes
question
they say that maladaptive thinking is the cause of maladaptive behavior
answer
what is the cause of psychopathology in regards to the cognitive model
question
yes
answer
are there several kinds of "faulty" thinking
question
-overgeneralization - dichotomous thinking
answer
list the several kinds of "faulty" thinking in regards to the cognitive model
question
the Main Cognitive Model, which further breaks down to Beck's Cognitive Therapy (CT)
answer
What are the Cognitive Therapies
question
to help clients recognize and restructure their thinking
answer
What is the main goal of CT?
question
- very broad - clinically useful and effective - focuses on a unique human process - research based - there is a correlation between symptoms and maladaptive cognition
answer
List the strengths of the Cognitive Model
question
- the role of cognition is still unknown - narrow focus - limited effectiveness - verification of cognition is difficult
answer
List the weaknesses of the Cognitive Model
question
since each perspective is valuable to understanding psychopathology, different perspectives are more appropriate under differing conditions
answer
What is the purpose of the Integration of the Models
question
integrative approach
answer
an ________ provides a general framework for thinking about abnormal behavior, it also allows for specification of facts that are pertinent to particular disorders
question
it is said that abnormality is a result from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and social factors
answer
What is the Biopsychosocial Model, how does it look at abnormality
question
dispositional vulnerability -- bio, psycho, social vulnerabilities)
answer
Define Diathesis
question
when a person is vulnerable to a mental disorder AND is under certain situational stress --- the person is them likely to experience a cluster of symptoms known as a mental disorder
answer
Define the Diathesis Stress Model
question
1. come up with a diagnosis 2. describe personality features 3. outline strengths/weaknesses (Cognitive, interpersonal, occupational) 4. treatment recommendations 5. document changes (did they get better)
answer
What is the goal of assessments
question
gather information of individuals (idiographic information)
answer
How do we assess?
question
Assess
answer
What do you do as a clinician to fully understand clients and their particular difficulties
question
when you collect relevant info to reach a conclusion and give direction concerning treatment
answer
Define Assessment
question
- clinical interviews - tests - observations
answer
List the three categories of assessment tools
question
when you understand an individual as a unique entity
answer
Define Idiographic
question
when you make a general inference that applies to a broad group of individuals
answer
Define Nomothetic
question
the reliability and validity of the tests
answer
What do you consider when assessing? (assessment tools)
question
if it is consistent in what you are measuring
answer
What makes a test reliable?
question
when you can compare results at Time 1 and Time 3
answer
What is Test-Retest (Reliability)?
question
when there is a correlation between items
answer
What is Internal Consistency (Reliability)?
question
when you compare even and odd item totals
answer
What is Split-Half (Reliability)?
question
when you compare results of one interviewer with another
answer
What is Inter-Rater (Reliability)?
question
False; not all forms of Reliability are important, it depends on the test
answer
True or False: All forms of Reliability are important for a given test, the purpose of the test is not important
question
this determines how well you are measuring the idea you intend to measure
answer
What is Validity
question
does it look like it is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring
answer
What is FACE (Validity )?
question
when the information correlates with other known measures of construct
answer
What is CONCURRENT (Validity)?
question
when the information correlates with future outcomes
answer
What is PREDICTIVE (Validity)?
question
when it measures all aspects and not just pieces
answer
What is CONTENT (Validity)?
question
True
answer
True or False: Not all forms of Validity are important for a given test, it depends on the purpose of the test
question
They are Face to Face, and are used to collect detailed info about a persons history
answer
Describe Clinical Interviews
question
They can ask a set of questions that are pretty general or they cannot
answer
What does it mean for a Clinical Interview to be structured or unstructured
question
Yes
answer
Are there limitations with clinical interviews
question
- they can lack Validity or accuracy - interviewers may be biased or make mistakes - they may lack reliability, usually unstructured ones
answer
List and understand the limitations with clinical interviews
question
when there is a gathering of information about aspects of a person's psych functioning
answer
Describe Clinical Tests
question
6
answer
How many categories of clinical tests are there?
question
-personality inventories - response inventories (self-report questionnaires) - psycho-physiological tests - neuropsych tests - intelligence tests - projective tests
answer
What are the categories of clinical tests?
question
they measure broad personality characteristics -- focusing on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings --- based on self-reported responses
answer
Describe Personality Inventories (Clinical Tests)
question
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
answer
what is the most common personality inventory?
question
Easy, cheap, and fast to administer Objectively scored and standardized
answer
List the Strengths of Clinical Tests
question
sometimes measured traits cannot be directly examined there are also cultural limitations (people from different cultures may reply in a culturally predictable way but may appear as abnormal compared to a normed group)
answer
List the Weaknesses of Clinical Tests
question
they are usually based on self-reported responses they focus on ONE specific area of functioning
answer
Describe Response Inventories (Clinical Tests)
question
- widely used - face strong validity
answer
Strengths of Response Inventories
question
only some have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, or validity procedures
answer
Weaknesses of Response Inventories
question
they measure physiological responses as indicators as possible psych problems
answer
Describe Psychophysiological tests (Clinical Tests)
question
the polygraph test
answer
What is the most popular psychophysiological test
question
heart rate, BP, body temp, sweat, skin response, muscle contraction
answer
What do psychophysiological tests DIRECTLY measure
question
- can be inaccurate and unrealiable - requires expensive equipment
answer
Weaknesses of PsychPhysio. tests
question
tests that DIRECTLY assess brain function (brain structure and activity)
answer
Describe Neurological Tests (Clinical Tests)
question
EEG, PET scans, MRI
answer
Give examples of Neurological Tests
question
tests the INDIRECTLY assess brain function by measuring cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning
answer
Describe Neuropsychological tests (Clinical Tests)
question
clinicians often use a battery of tests, targeting a specific skill area
answer
Give example of Neuropsych tests
question
indirectly measures intellectual ability by making the test taker have verbal and nonverbal skills
answer
Describe Intelligence Tests (Clinical Tests)
question
- standardized on large groups - very high reliability and validity
answer
List the strengths of Intelligence Tests
question
performance can be influenced by non-intelligence factors
answer
List the weaknesses of Intelligence Tests
question
requires individuals to interpret vague stimuli or follow open-ended instructions
answer
Describe Projective Tests (Clinical Tests)
question
Rorschach Test
answer
What is the most popular Projective Test
question
Psychodynamic Clinicans
answer
Who mainly uses projective tests?
question
helpful for providing supplementary information
answer
Strengths of Projective tests
question
biased against minority groups have no consistently demonstrated much realiably and validity
answer
Weaknesses of Projective tests
question
when you use available information to paint a "clinical picture"
answer
Describe Clinical Diagnosis
question
often known as case conceptualization, this is influenced by one's theoretical orientation
answer
Define Clinical picture
question
a determination of whether an individual's problems reflect a particular disorder
answer
Define Diagnosis
question
- Kraeplin - International Classification of Disease (ICD) - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)
answer
List the Modern Classification Systems for Mental Illness
question
- every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause - each disorder is fundamentally different
answer
What is Categorical Classification (Approach)
question
- there are a number of independent dimensions or traits of behaviors that exist - ALL PEOPLE POSSESS THESE TO VARYING DEGREES
answer
What is Dimensional Classification (Approach)
question
existing classification
answer
Diagnosis is typically made based on an _____________ (two words) system
question
a list of disorders, with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making proper diagnosis
answer
What does a classification system typically contain?
question
the DSM
answer
What is the most widely used classification system in the United States?
question
- facilitates research - helps choose treatment - useful for predictions - useful for building theories
answer
Pros of the DSM
question
- loss of uniqueness - inappropriate generalizations - boundary problems - loss of ability to note severity
answer
Cons of the DSM
question
it does not follow any models of psych abnormality, it identifies and describes syndromes for making a diagnosis
answer
the DSM is said to be atheoretical what does that mean
question
anxiety and depressive
answer
What are some of the most frequently diagnosed disorders
question
dully diagnosed
answer
a person is said to be ______ (two words) if she/he receives more than one mental disorder
question
False, categorical
answer
True or False: the DSM is a dimensional classification system
question
- psychotherapy - medication or a combination of the two
answer
List Treatment methods
question
Behavioral therapy cognitive behavioral therapy interpersonal therapy
answer
List the Kinds of psychotherapy
