question

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:

answer

mania.

question

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:

answer

the severity and duration of the problem.

question

Considering data from several countries around the world, which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about the percentages of adults in each country who suffer from mood disorders each year?

answer

The percentages are over twice as high in some countries as they are in others.

question

A friend of yours diagnosed with unipolar depression says, "This can't be that bad. Maybe my creativity will increase." Of the following alternatives, your MOST accurate reply is:

answer

"You should get some therapy; there's nothing positive about depression."

question

In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is:

answer

the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

question

What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?

answer

5-10 percent

question

Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression?

answer

experiences of sadness and anger

question

The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______of depression.

answer

emotional

question

Which of the following would be MOSTLY a motivational symptom of depression?

answer

lack of desire to eat

question

The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one's spouse would be considered a(n) ______ symptom

answer

motivational

question

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

answer

behavioral symptoms.

question

Which of the following would be a behavioral symptom of depression?

answer

staying in bed for hours during the day

question

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from _______ symptoms.

answer

cognitive

question

Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are ______ symptoms of depression.

answer

physical

question

Which of the following would be a physical symptom of depression?

answer

sleeping poorly

question

To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:

answer

two weeks.

question

What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?

answer

catatonic depression

question

All of the following are types of major depressive disorders EXCEPT:

answer

posttraumatic.

question

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?

answer

recurrent

question

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, the individual must display:

answer

motor immobility or excessive activity.

question

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with?

answer

catatonic

question

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Maria has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, but this has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed?

answer

postpartum

question

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, the individual must display:

answer

almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

question

All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He finds he wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. This has been going on for several weeks. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?

answer

melancholic

question

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

answer

two years.

question

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be:

answer

endogenous depression.

question

Jose just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. There are several other symptoms consistent with these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

answer

reactive depression.

question

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When asked, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:

answer

endogenous depression.

question

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing:

answer

postpartum depression.

question

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely:

answer

the "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers.

question

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:

answer

have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

question

For women experiencing postpartum depression, which of the following is true regarding psychotherapy for depression?

answer

Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.

question

The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?

answer

The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome

question

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

answer

biological

question

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:

answer

a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

question

If a study showed that both monozygotic twins had about a 45 percent chance of having unipolar depression when their twin had unipolar depression, this would provide:

answer

very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

question

Recent studies show about what proportion of those experiencing major depressive disorder receive treatment for that disorder?

answer

50 percent

question

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is:

answer

very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s

question

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?

answer

low—so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression

question

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:

answer

an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.

question

Seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight, or, more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of:

answer

melatonin.

question

If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the:

answer

biochemical orientation

question

One problem with analogue studies of depression is that:

answer

one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression.

question

Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be:

answer

very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression

question

A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is:

answer

unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.

question

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression:

answer

is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.

question

As a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is:

answer

normal, and is one indication of successful treatment.

question

Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuit involved in unipolar depression, EXCEPT:

answer

the corpus callosum.

question

Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects current research findings?

answer

Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.

question

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:

answer

regression to the oral stage.

question

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you" is a:

answer

psychodynamic clinician.

question

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced" is a:

answer

psychodynamic clinician.

question

In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?

answer

psychodynamic

question

Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?

answer

psychodynamic

question

A baby who was separated from its mother at birth, and who subsequently became withdrawn, sad, and tearful, could be experiencing:

answer

anaclitic depression.

question

Studies show that less than 10 percent of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression?

answer

almost none—about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year

question

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:

answer

loss of positive social rewards.

question

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:

answer

depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards.

question

Francoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a:

answer

behavioral orientation.

question

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?

answer

behavioral

question

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "What are some things you enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?" would be a:

answer

behavioral clinician..

question

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

answer

negative interpretation of events.

question

Which of the following would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression?

answer

a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed

question

The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was:

answer

Beck.

question

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?

answer

cognitive

question

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n):

answer

arbitrary inference.

question

Which of these statements would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad?Everyone is out to get me.

answer

Everyone is out to get me.

question

Which of these research findings provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

answer

Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do non-depressed women.

question

Which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose more pessimistic and self-deprecating statements in a story-telling test demonstrate?

answer

cognitive

question

If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood, without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response?

answer

ruminative

question

All of Beck's cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support, EXCEPT for:

answer

All of these explanations have received research support.

question

A friend of yours who has been diagnosed with depression asks you, "I'm concerned about my child; is there anything I should especially be aware of?" Of the following, your BEST answer would be, "Yes, most people with depression don't:

answer

read to their child."

question

Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is:

answer

making ruminative responses.

question

The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:

answer

Seligman.

question

Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:

answer

a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.

question

According to Martin Seligman's theory, who of the following would be most likely to develop learned helplessness?

answer

someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event.

question

A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior?

answer

learned helplessness

question

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:

answer

learned helplessness.

question

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:

answer

internal, global, stable factors.

question

Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of:

answer

external, specific, and unstable attribution.

question

Which theoretical orientation would the following research finding support? "Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire."

answer

cognitive

question

The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:

answer

cognitive clinician.

question

Someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an Attributional Style Questionnaire, which is designed to measure the therapy's effectiveness. The theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely:

answer

cognitive.

question

One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?

answer

sociocultural

question

A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support, such as the support found in a happy marriage may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?

answer

behavioral and sociocultural

question

A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanation of depression?

answer

behavioral and sociocultural

question

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage" is a:

answer

sociocultural clinician.

question

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:

answer

divorced people.

question

After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST likely:

answer

a troubled marriage led to the depression.

question

Which of the following statements is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression?

answer

Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

question

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?

answer

sociocultural

question

Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the:

answer

artifact theory.

question

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the:

answer

life-stress theory.

question

If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight, that finding would provide strong evidence:

answer

for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

question

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

answer

concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression.

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression?

answer

They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can't explain.

question

A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that BEST easily explains the onset of her depression is:

answer

lack-of-control theory.

question

Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:

answer

about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but less likely to have recurrent episodes.

question

Of the following, the one MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression is a:

answer

U.S. woman who has lived all her life on a Native American reservation.

question

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like:

answer

a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.

question

Of the following, the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania would be that they:

answer

don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others.

question

People experiencing mania:

answer

want excitement and companionship.

question

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ______ symptoms of mania.

answer

behavioral

question

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. Additionally, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and has given away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily:

answer

motivational and emotional.

question

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:

answer

suicidal ideation.

question

The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is:

answer

excessively optimistic, with poor judgment.

question

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, then David welcomes over 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:

answer

a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.

question

Somene who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:

answer

bipolar II rapid cycling.

question

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is:

answer

the severity of the manic episodes.

question

A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?

answer

"Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

question

A talented artist is experiencing severe bipolar disorder. In terms of artistic output only, the BEST thing that artist could do is:

answer

seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output.

question

Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist, and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do?

answer

Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity.

question

Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as ______ disorder.

answer

cyclothymic

question

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ______ disorder.

answer

cyclothymic

question

A 12-year-old middle-school European-American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis?

answer

her age

question

If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on which of the following?

answer

neurotransmitters in the brain

question

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?

answer

biological

question

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

hormonal functioning.

question

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?

answer

serotonin

question

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:

answer

down the length of a neuron.

question

Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to:

answer

improper sodium transport.

question

Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which of the following causes of biopolar disorder?

answer

brain structure

question

Which of the following risk percentage patterns would BEST support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder—(1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?

answer

1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

question

Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:

answer

there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.

question

There are several factors related to unipolar depression-reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to depression? The MOST recent research shows that:

answer

some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression.

question

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that:

answer

an interaction between factors causes depression.

question

Of the following statements, which is accurate, based on current research?

answer

Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor.

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