question

According to the DSM-IV's definition of mental disorder impairment in one or more areas of functioning (disability)

answer

May be present but is not a necessary condition for making a diagnosis

question

individuals who have alcohol problems tend to come from families with other individuals who have alcohol problems. This would suggest

answer

Although there is an association, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded

question

why would a researcher want to insure that every person in the larger group of study has an equal chance of being included in the sample?

answer

It increases the researcher's ability to generalize findings for the larger group

question

What do the cases of Monique and Donald Best illustrate?

answer

Abnormal behavior covers a wide range of behavioral disturbances

question

The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year...

answer

incidence rate

question

ideally a sample is described as what

answer

representative

question

the fact that body piercings are commonplace today while they would once have been viewed as abnormal illustrates...

answer

The values of a society may change over time

question

Which mental health professional has a doctoral degree in psychology with both research and clinical skill specialization?

answer

clinical psychologist

question

A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using

answer

Experimental method

question

in a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream exposure can be described as

answer

dependent variable

question

the Solarists are a cult whose members believe that they control the movements of the sun with special hand gestures...

answer

while some of this group's members ay meet criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis, the DSM-IV does not diagnose groups

question

why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder

answer

the selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions of causality

question

which of the following is an example of an analogue study?

answer

rats prenatally exposed to alcohol are studied to further our understanding of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

question

all were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800's except

answer

antipsychotic medication

question

according to early beliefs, what would characterize an individual with an excess of blood?

answer

happiness

question

in 1983, a large group of West Bank Palestinian girls showed signs of illness. Some thought they were poisoned, but later it was discovered that psychological factors play a key role

answer

mass madness

question

benjamin Rush is credited with all of the following except

answer

taking a scientific approach to the study and treatment of mental disorders

question

which is recognized as a major biomedical breakthrough in psychopathology because it established the link b/w mental and physical illnesses?

answer

teh discovery of the cause and later a cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity)

question

both _______ and ______ studied the effects of consequences on the occurrence of behaviors

answer

Thorndike; Skinner

question

by the end of the nineteenth century

answer

little was known about most mental illnesses

question

all are credited with emphasizing the link b/w brain pathology and mental illnesses except

answer

dix

question

in the United States, an early treatment involved the belief that

answer

patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly

question

which is true?

answer

genes play a role in most mental disorders

question

Schmas

answer

may be a source of psychological vulnerability

question

why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship b/w divorce and psychological functioning of family members?

answer

cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely

question

suppose that, using linkage analysis, a researcher finds that family members with a high likelihood of developing depression also are very likely to be of below average height

answer

the gene for depression is probably located near the gene for height

question

sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists...

answer

a lack of social skills; dysfunctional self-schemas

question

michael develops an intense phobia of snakes after stepping on one and being bitten during a hike. Being bitten by the snake is a ...

answer

proximal casual factor

question

which is an example of family aggression

answer

karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder

question

why is it dangerous to make conclusions based on case studies?

answer

conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed

question

comorbidity means

answer

that a person has two or more disorders

question

what trype of prevalence data only counts active cases of a disorder

answer

point prevalence

question

the physicians of nancy school

answer

demonstrated the power of suggestion

question

the emergence of humanism brought about changes in all except

answer

an increse in the belief in supernatural causes of behavior

question

what parental style is characterised by warmth, control, and communication

answer

authoritative

question

a ______ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories

answer

schema

question

which typically involves the use of trained observers

answer

direct observation

question

people in the middle ages

answer

believed that most wiches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different way

question

andrea and her parents are shy and quiet...

answer

an evocative effect of genotype in environment

question

what is a good control group for a research study on people with eating disorders

answer

a group that is comparable to those with eating disorders except they eat normally

question

Which of the following is a sufficient element to determine abnormality?

answer

there is no sufficient element

question

several studies have found that there is a correlation in children between amount of television watched and weight. What is one of the problems with using this finding to report that watching lots of TV makes children obese?

answer

it is just possible that being obese causes children to watch more television

question

to determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, an not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use

answer

control group

question

carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he ahs had several arrests for driving with intoxicated, Carl reports that he ahs no problems with drinking. This is an example of

answer

the problems with self reported data

question

what is importtant to remember about the apprent lifetime rate of mental disorders

answer

many people with mental disorders are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time

question

what is wrong with describing someone as being schizophrenic

answer

lables should be applied to disorders not people

question

a researcher who studies children who are home-schooled and compares them to children who attend school is using the ____ research method

answer

correlation

question

according to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder?

answer

when it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual

question

which of the following mental health professionals has a medical degree

answer

psychiatrist

question

which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders?

answer

classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims

question

which of the following is included in the DSM

answer

a means of identifying different mental disorders

question

if you visited an asylum in the 16th century in Eurpoe you would likely find

answer

mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty

question

a behavioral psychologist would be most likely to use

answer

observational techniques

question

mesmer was a proponent of

answer

the power of animal magnetism

question

which of the following approaches to treatment focuses amost exclusively on physical well-being

answer

mental hygiene

question

the doctrine of the four humours

answer

was an explanatino for personality traits

question

free association and dream analysis

answer

proved insight into the workings of the unconcious

question

by the end of the 19th century

answer

little was known aboaut most mental diseases

question

a catharsis is

answer

an emotional release

question

dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. dana is likely to

answer

be a risk for depression herself

question

etiology is

answer

the casual pattern of a disorder

question

why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who are raised in different environments?

answer

it is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together is due to their being treated more similarly than non-identical twins.

question

according to the text, which of the following has not be identified as a potential protective factor?

answer

an outgoign personality

question

the process of assigning causes to things that happen is called

answer

attribution

question

one of Freud's major contribution to current perspectives of mental disorders is

answer

theconcept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior

question

which of the following is an example of family aggregation

answer

karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder

question

in Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problem. In this example, the girls without eating disorders and the ____ group.

answer

control

question

which of the following is an example of an ABAB design

answer

a subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment

question

in 1893, Breuer and Freud published a paper on hysteria. In it they announced that

answer

unconscious factors can determine behavior and produce mental disorders

question

what is the focus of the field of developmental psychopathology?

answer

to understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal

question

which of the following is NOT a culture bound syndrome

answer

hoopa

question

an important first step in studying a particular disorder is

answer

determinging the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder

question

the first classification of mental disorders involved

answer

recognizing symptoms that occurred together often enough to be regarded as a type of mental disorder

question

when examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always

answer

caused by multiple genes

question

in most prospective studies

answer

children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up

question

the level of success achieved with the use of moral management is surprising because

answer

may patients suffered from syphillis that was, at the time, incurable

question

exorcism is

answer

still occasionally practiced today for the treatment of psychological problems, sometimes with fatal results

question

one of Aristotole's most major contributions to psychology was

answer

his description of conciousness

question

the physicians of Alexandria, Egypt in the era after Alexander the Great were most likely to treat mental patients by

answer

providing activites, massage, and education

question

which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is FALSE?

answer

identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders

question

contemporary of Pinel's in England who started a Quaker religious retreat for the mentally ill was

answer

william tuke

question

who is considered to be the "father" of behaviorism?

answer

watson

question

at the start of the twentieth century in America, public attitudes toward the mentally ill

answer

were characterised by fear, horror, and ignroance

question

Shackling a patient to a wall with little food or heat would be most typical of

answer

the early asylums in eurpoe

question

abused toddlers and infants

answer

are likely to show inconsistent attaachment behavior

question

Dr. Katz is researching the causes of phobias. He puts an ad in a newspaper asking for people who have an intense, distressing fear of snakes to come and participate in his study. The major problem with this is

answer

he is not getting a representative sample

question

The "neurasthenia" recognized in the 1800s resembles todays diagnosis of

answer

depression

question

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?

answer

neglectful-involved

question

What was the purpose of the early asylums?

answer

to remove those who could not care for themselves from society

question

what is important to remember about the apparent high lifetime rate of mental disorders?

answer

many people with disorder are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time

question

highly coordinated children are picked out at an early age by coaches and given special opportunities to excel at sports. Extraverted children seek out social situations and become unusually comfortable with strangers. Both of these phenomena illustrate

answer

genotype-environment correlations

question

when examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always

answer

influenced by multiple genes

question

Nancy School/Charcot debate is best described as one that focuses on

answer

psychology vs biology

question

the site of communication between two neurons is the

answer

synapse

question

what trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe?

answer

supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity.

question

a psychologist reports a single case of a disorder, detailing the person's feelings and responses. This research strategy is

answer

weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to others with the disorder.

question

psychosocial perspective was initially developed through laboratory research?

answer

behavioral

question

tracy and Shahid are both 3 months old. Tracy is highly active, easily irritated, and cries easily. Shahid is quiet, adapts easily to change, and seems fearless. These differences illustrate

answer

differences in temperament

question

freud is the first to describe the ________: that the mind could contain information of which it is unaware, but by which it is still affected

answer

unconcious

question

what do the textbook authors identify as the most problematic element of Wakefield's definition of mental disorder?

answer

we have yet to discover the dysfunction that underlies most mental disorders.

question

cicero was feeling depressed. He sought help from Hippocrates. Hippocrates would probably have

answer

prescribed exercise, tranquility, and celibacy

question

in ancient societies, if a person's abnormal conduct consisted of speech that appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, then the person was

answer

thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god

question

Children from lower-SES families

answer

are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.

question

What did Seligman find by studying dogs exposed to uncontrollable shock?

answer

Seligman found that uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans.

question

Which of the following did Freud believe played a causal role in the development of most forms of psychopathology?

answer

anxiety disorders

question

Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of

answer

failure to learn adaptice behaviors

question

newer psychodynamic perspectives

answer

do not view the libido as a primary determinant of behavior

question

Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of

answer

is possessed at a nonconcious level

question

Which of the following psychodynamic elements of the personality can be described as impulsive and selfish?

answer

id

question

hippocrates suggested marriage as a cure for

answer

hysteria in women

question

Learning not to do something because you are punished when you do it is an example of

answer

instrumental learning

question

The effects of early social deprivation

answer

are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.

question

During the first half of the twentieth century, mental hospital care would best be characterized as

answer

punitive

question

normal human cells have

answer

22 chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes

question

Archaeology and early writing indicate that the first people to think that the brain was the site of mental functions were the

answer

ancient egyptians

question

Todd and his siblings have parents who are physically abusive to each other. When they fight, they expect Todd to stay quiet and keep the other children under control. They allow the other children to cry and hide, but Todd must stay in the room with them and referee. This is an example of

answer

a nonshared environmental influence

question

In 1893, Breuer and Freud published a paper on hysteria. In it they announced that

answer

unconcious factors can determine behavior and produce mental disorders

question

what is a culture-specific

answer

a disorder seen only in certain cultures

question

A child consistently identified as behaviorally inhibited is most likely to

answer

be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder as an adult

question

Finding meaning in life and dealing with death form core values in which of the following perspectives?

answer

existential

question

Stereotyping is an example of the stigma of mental illness. It means

answer

the automatic and often incorrect beliefs people have about people with mental illness

question

A significant positive correlation is found between variables x and y. Which of the following may be safely inferred?

answer

as x increases, y increases

question

Dorothea Dix

answer

is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries

question

Fred refuses to speak at school, although he speaks normally at home. His therapist plans out a treatment where Fred is given a gold star every time he answers his teacher, and he can then trade in his stars for prizes. Fred begins speaking in class. The therapist then tells the teacher to stop the program for a couple of weeks. Fred stopped talking during that time. The teacher then starting giving Fred stars again, and Fred again began to talk. This is an example of

answer

an ABAB experimental desgin study

question

Wakefield's conception of "mental disorder" included the idea of ________________as most central to diagnosis.

answer

harmful dysfunction

question

Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of

answer

failure to learn adaptive behaviors

question

If trait is highly heritable, it would be expected that

answer

the concordance for monozygotic twins would be greater than the concordancecrate for dizygotic twins

question

To determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, and not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use

answer

a control group

question

The disorder Koro, where males fear that their genitals have retracted into their body, possibly leading to death, is similar to the episodes of mass madness during the Black Death because

answer

both demonstrated the effect that sociocultural stressors can have on mental functioning of large groups of people.

question

Which of the following is a disadvantage of having a classification system for mental disorders?

answer

when a label is used to describe an individual's behavior, information about the person is lost

question

Witmer is credited with

answer

being the founder of clinical psychology

question

each of the following is one of the four humors except

answer

phrenities

question

phillippe pinel

answer

beleived that mental patients were illl and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring

question

genes

answer

determine the range of characteristics a person has

question

Which of the following approaches to treatment focuses almost exclusively on physical well-being?

answer

mental hygiene

question

what do genes consist of

answer

DNA

question

in the field of ab. psych what does DSM stand for

answer

diagnostic and statistical manual

question

in most prospective studies

answer

children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up

question

When comparing modern concepts of abnormal behavior with those of ancient civilizations, we find

answer

some striking similiarities

question

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all

answer

neurotransmitters that are involoved in psychopathology

question

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in

answer

early childhood

question

________ is a necessary first step toward introducing order to any discussion of the cause or treatment of abnormal behavior.

answer

classification

question

which variable is manipulated in an experiment

answer

independent

question

Who is credited with making the first major steps toward understanding the psychological factors involved in mental illness?

answer

sigmund freud

question

Dr. Luigi has discovered that the more spaghetti people eat, the less likely they are to be diagnosed with depression. Based on this finding, what statement can be made about the relationship between spaghetti and depression?

answer

there is a negative correlation between spaghetti and depression

question

What does the case of JGH, a Native American elder, illustrate?

answer

A person may focus on somatic symptoms, rather than mood, when depressed.

question

A common treatment for mental illness during the Middle Ages in Europe was

answer

exorcism

question

Which method for studying genetic influences fails to control for the possible effect of sharing a common environment?

answer

family history or pedigree method

question

Reuptake of neurotransmitters is

answer

the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the axon

question

Behaviorism was

answer

a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis

question

Which one of the following increased the availability of treatment for the mentally ill in the United States?

answer

dix

question

Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means

answer

unusual behaviors that are not consistent with the norms of the society in which they are displayed

question

A major scientific problem with analogue studies is

answer

the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occuring phenomenon

question

behavrioists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of

answer

failure to learn adaptive behaviors

question

According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology

answer

is processed at a nonconcious level

question

A diathesis can best be described as a

answer

contributory case

question

Freud's view of mental disorders was that they were a result of

answer

unresoved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego

question

The central principle of classical conditioning is that

answer

after repeated pairings with a stimulus that naturally causes a response, a neutral stimulus will cause a similar response.

question

Damage to the pituitary would most likely lead to

answer

a hormonal imbalance

question

Mesmer was a proponent of

answer

the power of animal magnetism

question

After cheating on her husband, Julia accused her husband of cheating on her. Such behavior is explained by which of the following defense mechanism?

answer

projection

question

John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized

answer

the quality of parental care in forming attachments

question

a protective facor is

answer

an influence that modifies a persons response to environmental stressors

question

Attractive children and unattractive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant's physical phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of?

answer

evocative

question

Which one of the following is credited with developing a classification system for mental disorders?

answer

kraepelin

question

Abused infants and toddlers

answer

are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior

question

What do the three psychosocial viewpoints addressed in this chapter all have in common?

answer

all emphasize the impact of early experiences

question

Normally, the enzyme monoamine oxidase is involved in the breaking down of some neurotransmitters. This process is called

answer

deactivation

question

a psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study

answer

poverty and racial discrimination

question

In Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problem. In this example, the girls without eating disorders are the ________ group.

answer

control

question

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control

answer

high, moderately high

question

The use of malarial fever to treat paresis

answer

represented the first clear-cut defeat of a mental disorder by medicine

question

The approaches to treatment of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages in Europe are best characterized as

answer

superstitious

question

An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is:

answer

'the best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection"

question

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.

answer

cognitive

question

who is considered to the founder of american psychiatry

answer

benjamin rush

question

childhood abuse is commonly seen in those who develop dissociative disorders later in life. Childhood abuse would best be described as a

answer

distal contributory cause

question

most people with psychological disorders

answer

delay seeking treatment, sometimes for many years

question

why was the malarial therapy effective in treating general paresis

answer

the fever that was induced killed off the cause of the observed symptoms

question

which of the following would be characteristic of the treatment provided by the first mental hospitals or sanatoria used by the Romans and Greeks

answer

warm baths and massages

question

the work of Dorothea Dix has been criticized for

answer

interfering with the provision of moral therapy

question

cross cultural research on stress demonstrates that

answer

responses to stress vary cross-culturally

question

which of the following occurred in the late twentieth century

answer

a movement of the mentally ill from instituions to the community

question

most mental health treatment

answer

occurs in an outpatient setting

question

In the United States, the standard for defining types of mental disorders is contained in the

answer

Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders

question

new perceptions and experiences tend to be worked into our existing schemas, even if the new information must be distorted to fit them. this process is called

answer

assimilation

question

who was one of the first physicians in the early 1500's to criticize the idea that mental illness was due to demon possession (although he did believe the moon influenced the brain)?

answer

Paracelus

question

the central principle of operant conditioning is that

answer

the consequences of behavior influence its likelihood of being repeated

question

dr. simon, a psychiatrist, takes a biopsychosocial viewpoint of psychopathology. Which of the following treatments is he most likely to suggest for Julia's current state of depression?

answer

a combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs

question

a major finding from the National Comodbidity Survey was that

answer

over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had wo o more comorbid disorders

question

which of the following is not an example of the three phenomena that the term resilience has been used to describe

answer

after failing french the first time, Carl did not earn a passing grade when he took the course for a second time

question

in the diathesis-stress model, a stressor is

answer

a necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms

question

what is the most important limitation of correlational studies

answer

the cannot determine cause and effect

question

why are correlational (observational) research designs often used in abnormal psychology?

answer

it is often unethical or impossible to directly manipulatethe variables involved in abnormal psychology

question

a psychologist who takes an eclectic approach is most likely to make which of the following statements

answer

i will accept any explanation from psychoanalytic to biological as long as it works

question

which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory

answer

lack of scientific evidence

question

the loss of a parent may be

answer

a diathesis and or a stressor

question

a researcher says, "these studies make it too easy for investigators to find the background facots they expect to find. however, they are more valid if we find documents like school reports that show the background factor before the disorder emerges." What kind of research strategy is the researcher referring to?

answer

retrospective strategies

question

what is trephining

answer

an ancient practice in which a hole was drilled in the skull to release evil spirits

question

who studied how to deal with mentally ill criminals and concluded that such individuals were not responsible for their actions

answer

Plato

question

describing a disorder as acute means that

answer

is a disorder that is short in duration

question

the trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that

answer

people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis

question

a predisposition toward developing a disorder

answer

is called a diathesis

question

"Bedlam" in London was one of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that

answer

exhibited their patients for profit

question

the genetic influences that determine behavior may never be fully understood due to

answer

the likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment

question

during the late nineteenth century, alienists

answer

incorporated moral management therapy into treatments

question

which statement about treatment of abnormal behavior in the Middle Ages is accurate

answer

Islamic forms of treatment were more humane than European approaches

question

which perspective or viewpoint focuses on intrapsychic conflicts as the cause of psychopathology

answer

psychodynamic

question

cortisol is a hormone that

answer

the adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress

question

kraepelin is credited with

answer

identifying different types of mental disorders

question

what is the value of using an ABAB design

answer

the effects of a single form of treatment are studied twice in the same subject

question

researchers have observed that women who wear bras for more than 16 hours a day are more liekly to develop breast cancer than those who spend less time in a bra. In other words, there is a correlation between wearinga bra and breast cancer. Based on this finding, which of the following statements is true

answer

some additinoal variable may serve to explain the relationship obseved between wearing a bra and developing cancer

question

all of the following are disadvantages of classifying and diagnosing mental disorders except

answer

providing structure

question

if fraternal (or dizygotic) twins are more likely to be concordant for a trait than other siblings, can it be concluded that the higher cocordance rate is due to the greater degree of genetic relatedness?

answer

no, because fraternal twins are no more gentically alike than other siblings

question

the DSM acknowledges that

answer

a DSM diagnosis is only the first step, much more is needed to determine treatment

question

while neurological assessment procedures evaluate the brain's physical properties, neuropsychological assessment focuses on

answer

client performance

question

making a new experience fit existing frameworks is associated with ________; changing our existing frameworks to incorporate a new experience is associated with ________.

answer

assimilation, accomodation

question

which of the following best illustrates high reliability

answer

two interviewers diagnose the same disorder after talking to the same client

question

alicia developed a fear of spiders after being bitten by one. However, she has no problems looking at pictures of spiders. This is an example of

answer

discrimination

question

which of the following most accurately describes the notion of different viewpoints of abnormal behavior

answer

each viewpoint offers its own explanation of abnormal behavior

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