A & P 1552 -The Brain and Cranial Nerves & The Autonomic Nervous System-College of Dupage
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3 protective coverings of brain:
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dura, arachnoid and pia mater
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Brain blood flow:
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brain cells require glucose; 1-2 min loss function; 4 min permanent injury
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Blood brain barrier:
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most impermeable; protects brain cells from harmful substances from blood into brain tissue
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Mechanical protection:
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shock absorber-function of CSF
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Chemical protection:
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perfect environment for signaling nerve impulses-function of CSF
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Circulation:
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of nutrients and waste product impulses
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Brain Stem:
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Most inferior portion of brain; every sensory & motor impulse has to go through brain stem
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Medulla Oblongata:
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connects to spinal cord; involved w/control of respiration and control of heart rate
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Pons:
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major controller of respiration as well
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Midbrain:
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most superior part of brain stem; involved w/visual reflexes (tracking words on paper); involved w/coor of muscle movements
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Cerebellum:
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inferior & posterior part of brain; involved w/balance & equilibrium; coor of complex movements
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Thalamus:
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relay station for both sensory & motor impulses; gives idea if something will be enjoyable; involved w/emotions and memory
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Hypothalamus:
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Inferior to thalamus; involved w/production of hormones, emotions, behavior, regulation of appetite, body temp
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Cerebrum:
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Most superior part; deeply divided into right & left hemispheres
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Gyri:
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ridges
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Sulci:
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shallow grooves
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Fissures:
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deeper grooves; tend to divide major sections
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Cerebral white matter:
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bundles or tracts that send information
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Association tracts:
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conducts impulses between gyri within same hemisphere
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Commissural tracts:
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conducts impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to another
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Projection tracts:
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conducts impulses from the cerebrum from the lower parts of the CNS; brain stem, spinal cord, cerebellum
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Sensory areas:
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Receives sensory imput; interperts info; conscious perception; integration of sensory experiences
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Motor areas:
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Contractions of muscles such as movement of muscles to produce speech
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Association Areas:
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Storage of passed memories; more complex learning; complex coordination of muscular movement such as signing name
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Olfactory Nerve:
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entirely sensory; conducts impulses for the sense of smell
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Optic nerve:
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entirely sensory; conducts impules for vision
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Oculomotor nerve:
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mainly motor; involved in extrinsic eye muscle movement such as lens of eye, size of pupil
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Trochlear Nerve:
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mainly motor; innervates extrinsic eye muscle; proprioception
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Trigeminal Nerve:
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mixed sensory; carries nerve impulses for touch, pain, thermal sensations in the eyes, nose, mouth, pharynx; control chewing movements
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Abducens nerve:
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mainly motor; extrinsic eye muscles; eye proprioceptors
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Facial Nerve:
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mixed sensory; proprioceptors in muscles of face and scalp motor; contraction of facial muscles, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, nasal glands
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Vestibulochochlear nerve:
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sensory and motor impulses for equilibrium and hearing
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Glossopharyngeal nerve:
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taste motor; muscles that move pharynx, larynx, secretion of saliva
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Vagus nerve:
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external ear, taste buds, receptors in aorta, organs of thoracic & abdominal cavities; supply lungs, heart respiratory system, gi tract
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Accessory nerve:
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swallowing movements, movements of head and shoulders sensory
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Hypoglossal nerve:
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cranial nerve sensory; proprioceptors in tongue motor movement of tongue during swallowing & speech
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Funcions of the Somatic Nervous System:
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Sensory and motor functions
