PATHO: Practice Questions (Chapter 2) – Flashcards

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapy and its effects on the body? a) Drugs only have positive effects on cells. b) Drugs do not injure tissues or cells. c) Antineoplastic cells directly damage cells. d) Drugs only have bad effects when they have side effects.

Which of the following clients are at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy? a) 17 year old with a diving injury resulting in paraplegia. b) 78 year old Alzheimer's patient who received a third degree burn following an oven fire. c) 44 year old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications. d) 4 year old child born with cerebral palsy and confined to a wheelchair.

A nurse is assessing a patient who is a body builder. The nurse documents the increased size of the patient's muscle as resulting from which of the following? a) Atrophy b) Hypertrophy c) Dysplasia d) Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy? a) When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss. b) When the body controls myocardial growth by stimulating actin expression to enlarge the heart c) When the body stimulates gene expression to begin a progressive decrease in left ventricular muscle mass d) When the body increases its major organs during times of malnutrition

The nurse is teaching a patient about genetic disorders. Which of the following contains the genetic code? a) mRNA b) DNA c) tRNA d) rRNA

The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Select the type of radiation that directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell. a) Ionizing radiation b) Sunlight radiation c) Ultraviolet radiation d) Nonionizing radiation

Which of the following causes atrophy? Select all that apply. a) Decreased blood flow b) Disuse c) Denervation d) Increased endocrine stimulation e) Increased nutrition.

A patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease has metaplasia. Which of the following is the cause? a) Cells are replaced in response to chronic irritation. b) This represents cancerous cells. c) Cells are increased in size due to increased oxygenation. d) These are nonreversible cell changes.

The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which of the following? a) Hypoxia b) Cell necrosis c) Apoptosis d) Atrophy

A patient is admitted with an alteration in arterial blood gases. Cellular injury is most likely to result from which of the following aspects of this abnormality? a) Hypoxia b) Alkalemia c) Hypocapnea d) Hypercapnea

A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body; the anticipated result would be: a) Decreased programmed cellular death b) Increased mitochondrial growth c) Increased oxygen consumption d) Decreased size of organelles

A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of: a) Hypertrophy b) Hypoplasia c) Atrophy d) Hyperplasia

Biologic agents differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell? a) Gram-negative bacilli enter the cell and disrupt its ability to replicate. b) Gram-negative bacilli cannot cause harm to the cell; only Gram-positive bacilli can harm the cell. c) Gram-negative bacilli excrete elaborate exotoxins that interfere with cellular production of ATP. d) Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability.

What happens as a cell's workload declines? Select all that apply. a) Cell size decreases. b) Insulin levels increase. c) Energy expenditure increases. d) Oxygen consumption decreases. e) Protein synthesis decreases

A pregnant client is attending a nutrition class for first-time moms. During the class, the instructor stressed that they should avoid consumption of which food that may cause brain damage from methyl mercury exposure? a) Fresh milk b) Beets c) Raw hamburger d) Tuna

select the statement the best describes apoptosis. a) Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells b) The release of products of cell death is uncontrolled c) Unregulated by enzymatic digestion of cell components d) Responsible for initiating an inflammatory response

Which of the following statements would a nurse tell a patient that best describes a lab finding of metaplasia? a) "This is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the cells." b) "This is a change in the number of cells as they adapt to change." c) "this is a decrease in the size of the cell." d) "This is a change in cell form as it adapts to increased work demands or threats to survival."

Which of the following assessments supports the finding of lead toxicity? a) Heart rate 70 beats/min b) Hematocrit 40% c) Blood pressure 140/90 mm/Hg d) Hemoglobin 9 g/dL

A patient is admitted with frostbite. Which of the following will the nurse tell the patient about the changes that have occurred due to cold exposure? a) Cold exposure results in hypertrophy of cells in the affected are b) Cold increases blood viscosity and thrombosis. c) Cold increases the speed of blood flow through vessel d) Cold causes vasodilation and redness.

The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as which of the following? a) Hyperplasia b) Atrophy c) Metaplasia d) Dysplasia

A nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client at greatest risk for high blood levels of lead. a) A 62-year-old male with hypercalcemia who smokes b) A 30-year-old Caucasian female office worker with asthma c) A 17-year-old Hispanic male student who takes a wood working class d) A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home

A 7 year old boy is admitted to the hospital with a suspected diagnosis of lead toxicity. Which of the following assessment findings is most congruent with the client's diagnosis? a) Hemoglobin 9.9 g/dL b) Diffuse muscle pain. c) White blood cells (WBC) 11,000/mm3 d) Decreased deep tendon reflexes.

Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? a) Benign prostatic hyperplasia b) Skin warts c) Uterine enlargement in pregnancy d) Endometrial hyperplasia

A patient asks why her breasts are enlarged during pregnancy. Which of the following is the best answer? a) Atrophy due to decreased workload b) Decreased workload of the glands c) Increased blood flow to the area d) Hyperplasia due to estrogen stimulation

Which of the following statements is true in relation to lead exposure? a) Lead is absorbed through the skin. b) Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs. c) Increased calcium levels increases the risk of lead poisoning. d) Increased iron increases the risk of lead poisoning.

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the windchill factor is -10 degrees Farenheit. When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which of the following types of cellular injury? a) Endogenous b) Hypoxic c) Mechanical d) Chemical

A group of elderly residents were commenting on how many cell functions decline with age. One resident commented that many of his friends who lived under large electromagnetic towers seemed to experience aging at an accelerated rate in comparison with residents who lived nearby in lakefront housing. This observation is the basis for which theory on aging? a) Insufficient telomerase enzyme theory b) Error theory associated with DNA damage c) Theories of genetic influences d) Programmed cell receptor theories

Which of the following exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? a) Heart size increase in hypertension b) Lung size increase in emphysema c) Cell size increase with hypoxia d) Muscle mass increase with exercise

Mercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today? a) Fish such as tuna and swordfish b) Mercury from thermometers and blood pressure machines c) Amalgam fillings in the teeth d) Mercury found in paint that was made before 1990

Which of the following should a nurse stress when teaching patients to avoid exposure to lead in the environment? Select all that apply. a) Lead can contaminate soil. b) Avoid flaking paint. c) Not everyone has a reaction to lead. d) Root vegetables can contain more lead than other vegetables. e) Repeated exposure to small amounts of lead is not a problem.

Which of the following statements is true concerning hyperplasia? a) It is a response to a stimulus. b) It is an abnormal response to stimulation. c) It is an increase in the size of a cell. d) It is an uncontrolled process.

When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and a lower, more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival. This decrease in cell size is known as: a) dysplasia b) atrophy c) hyperplasia d) hypertrophy e) metaplasia

A client has developed acute encephalopathy from lead toxicity. The nurse is aware that the client may display: Select all that apply. a) Increase in alertness b) Increased appetite c) Seizures d) Vomiting e) Coma f) Papilledema g) Ataxia

A mother rushes her 4-year-old child to the emergency department after she found an empty Tylenol (acetaminophen) bottle beside her child. The nurse is trying to explain why it is so important to give the child Ipecac to induce vomiting in order to prevent: a) Hemorrhage b) Seizures c) Liver failure d) Renal failure

A patient is admitted with an electrical burn and a fractured arm. Which of the following causes the fracture related to the burn? a) The client most likely fell after the electrical injury. b) The client had a predisposing condition. c) The client had violent muscle contractions during the electrical injury. d) The client may have fallen into the electrical cord.

A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body; the anticipated result would be: a) Decreased programmed cellular death b) Increased mitochondrial growth c) Decreased size of organelles d) Increased oxygen consumption

A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following two weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's muscle cells? a) Reduced oxygen consumption and cellular function that ensures muscle cell survival. b) Denervation of the affected muscles during the time of traction. c) A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment. d) High levels of insulin and IGF-1 in the client's blood during immobilization.

The nurse is providing care for a 21 year old female client with gas gangrene secondary to her compound fracture in her arm. Which of the following assessment finding would the nurse most reasonably expect to find when caring for a client with a diagnosis of gas gangrene? a) Spreading edema b) Inflammation of the affected tissue. c) Impaired alveolar gas exchange d) A positive culture for Staphylococcus

A 68 year old male client with aortic stenosis secondary to calcification of the aortic valve is receiving care. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of this client's condition? a) Paget's disease, cancer with metastases or excess vitamin D may have been contributors. b) The client has possibly undergone damage as a result of calcification following cellular injury. c) Increased calcium intake over time may have contributed to the problem. d) The client has possibly exhibited phosphate retention leading to calcium deposits.

A client has developed dystrophic calcification as a result of macroscopic deposition of calcium salts. The tissue that would be most affected would be: a) Dead tissue b) Normal tissue c) Injured tissue d) Regenerated tissue

The student is reviewing the aging process. One group of theories of aging involves the shortening of telomeres until a critical minimal length is attained and then senescence ensues. These theories are known as which of the following? a) Systems-level theories b) Cellular theories c) Molecular theories d) Evolutionary theories

Which of the following should be included in the teaching plan of care for the parents of a child diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease? a) The primary organ affected is the heart. b) The disorder involves tissue hyperplasia. c) Symptoms are often noted at birth. d) The disorder involves accumulation of abnormal lipids.

A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly, and has a foul odor. The health care worker recognizes these manifestations as: a) Moist gangrene b) Internal gangrene c) Gas gangrene d) Dry gangrene