History of Occupational Therapy – Flashcards
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Birthplace of Occupational Therapy
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Clifton Springs, NY
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Age of Enlightenment (1700s)
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-took chains off of mentally ill clients and gave them more freedom - prior to enlightenment they were chained up like prisoners and referred to as a danger to society
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In what year was "Moral Treatment and Occupation" started? By who?
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1793 Phillipe Pinel - developed an approach for treating mentally ill clients
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What did William Tuke do?
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Developed many principles that advocated for "moral treatment" for the mentally ill Treat these people with consideration, kindness, and compassion
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How did Tuke maximize function and minimize symptoms for mentally ill?
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He felt occupations, religion (sense of family), and purposeful activities would help this.
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What did Tuke find?
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Tuke founded a retreat center in England based on some of his ideas regarding engaging clients in a variety of employment or amusement activities (called leisure activities today).
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What was the moral treatment movement referred to as?
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Social reform movement Occupations were considered an essential component of "moral treatment" for those who were mentally ill.
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First definition of occupation is given credit to:
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Moral treatment movement - defined occupation as: "Man's goal-directed use of time, energy, interests, and attention."
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What was treatment of mentally ill based on
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engagement in purposeful activities
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When were the Golden years? Why were they referred to as this?
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(1840-1860) -application of the Moral Treatment and Occupation -Benefits of arts and crafts became noticed -relaxation and feelings of productivity
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Rest-Cure Method
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The nervous system sends messages via electrical impulses. The belief was to rest in order to calm the nervous system.
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Christian Science Movement recommended
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exercising the mind They initiated thoughts regarding the mind-body connection
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When did the moral treatment almost become extinct?
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After the chaos and aftermath of the Civil War. there seemed to be no one to carry out the ideas and philosophies.
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Who brought back the idea of the use of occupation?
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In the early 1900s, Susan Tracey (nurse) Herbert Hall (physician)
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What was Susan Tracey's purpose?
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-educating nurse students on the therapeutic use of activities as part of treatment -made up the term "Occupational Nurse" for those she trained in the specialty
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What happened in 1914?
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William Dunton and George Barton founded an organization for individuals interested in "Occupation Work" (another name for Occupational Therapy)
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Who was George E Barton?
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An architect who was interested in the therapeutics of occupation and he contacted Dunton
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Who is Adolf Myer
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-psychobiologist/pschiatrist -Wrote a paper that discussed importance of "time" -use of time in a person's life -engagement in everyday activities
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When was the NSPOT established?
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March 15, 1917 -National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy -Goal - bring the practice of Occupation together -met in Clifton Springs, birth place of OT -eventually became AOTA
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How did WWI help OT?
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- began treating injured soldiers -NSPOT was recruited by the military to train them in "reconstruction aides" and to help with the soldiers rehabilitation
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Who established the first education standards for OT?
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-Eleanor Clarke -Began a 12 month program that expanded to 18 months in educating individuals about the OT field. -During the Great Depression
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What approach did OT take during Great Depression?
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It aligned with organized medicine, and created a more "scientific approach" to the profession
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What happened during WWII
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Demand for OT's increased significantly Many new educational programs started Included in its treatment Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) OTs treated physical disabilities which were sustained from war 1947 OT's recruited to be part of military
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What was published in 1947
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`Journal: Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation Textbook: Willard & Spackman's Principles of Occupational Therapy
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When was COTA job established?
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1956 Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant Relieve Demand of the OT Aide/Assisting body
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Who is Jean Ayres
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She introduced the Sensory Integration Approach which is based on neuroscience
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Who are Carl and Berta Bobath
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They introduced Neurodevelopmental Therapy approach which is based on neuroscience
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How did Dr. Mary Reilly, OTR feel?
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She advocated for a return to the profession roots of occupation.
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Gary Kielhofner formulated which model
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The Model of Human Occupation - became a major theory in OT
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Goals of De-Institutionalized (1970s)
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assist people with mental illnesses become independent and productive members of society.
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What happened in 1975?
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The Education of Handicapped Act was passed and allowed Occupational Therapy in School as a related service
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Related Service
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Assist in a child's education Help the special educator's
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What happened in 1980
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OT's were authorized for early intervention (ages birth to 3yrs and preschoolers with disabilities (ages 3-5) Primary Source of Occupational Therapy Known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (expaned from earlier Act)
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What were some goals of OTs?
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Focus on prevention, quality of life, screenings, and maintaining independence
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Who can someone be referred by?
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His/her physician, school, or parents can refer but script must come from a physician
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Who can be referred?
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Anyone with a physical, emotional, or developmental defect can be referred.
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Why could someone be referred for services?
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Premature, Disabilities evident at birth, Spina Bifida, ADD, D.D., Sensory Dysfunction, Autism, Hyperactivity, Down Syndrome, Amputations, Stroke, Arthritis, Burns, Head Injury, Dementia, Diabetes, and Cardiac Conditions, etc.
