Chapters 1-11 Study Guide – Flashcards
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According to your text, some of the things that cause our children problems are: a. the changing world, values and crises. b. too many refined products in their diets. c. the focus on self-esteem. d. a competitive environment.
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the changing world, values and crises.
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One of the continuing challenges for many children is: a. enmeshed extended families. b. unchanging values. c. high stakes testing. d. poverty.
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poverty
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Brazelton and Greenspan's "irreducible needs" include all the following EXCEPT: a. physical protection. b. working alliances. c. nurturing relationships. d. opportunities to learn.
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working alliances.
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Which of the following statements is true? a. Principles for counseling children are completely different than principles for counseling adults. b. Counseling involves a relationship between a counselor and client in which the counselor helps the client resolve a problem. c. Child counseling focuses on children with learning, social or behavioral problems and who are classified as being severely disturbed. d. Counseling is always helpful.
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Counseling involves a relationship between a counselor and client in which the counselor helps the client resolve a problem.
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Children bring three pieces of information to the counseling session. That information includes their problem or concern, their feelings about the problem, and: a. their friend's expectations. b. their parent's expectations. c. their expectations of the counselor. d. their expectations of themselves.
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their expectations of the counselor.
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A counselor working with children focuses on: a. treating children with serious emotional and behavioral problems. b. helping children with learning, social, or behavioral problems, using both preventive and remedial techniques. c. normal developmental concerns only. d. growth and development and the effect of childhood experiences on the adult
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helping children with learning, social, or behavioral problems, using both preventive and remedial techniques.
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Which of the following is one of the categories of personal strengths related to resilience? a. Buffers b. Extraneous variables c. A sense of purpose d. Emotional disturbance
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A sense of purpose
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Resilience can be considered: a. rare. b. not identified before age 6. c. keeping barriers in place. d. coping well with negative circumstances.
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coping well with negative circumstances
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Community services available for children and families can be classified as: a. supportive. b. preventive. c. rehabilitative. d. all of the choices.
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supportive. b. preventive. c. rehabilitative. d. all of the choices.
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One of the categories of problems children bring to counseling includes: a. lack of skills. b. dietary concerns. c. beauty issues. d. homework assignments.
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lack of skills.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs contains five levels. In order, they are: a. safety needs, physiological needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. b. self-actualization, love and belonging, physiological needs, safety needs and self-esteem. c. physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. d. love and belonging, safety needs, physiological needs, self-actualization, and self-esteem.
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physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.
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The dramatic changes in the _______ brain have the biggest implications for counselors. a. adult b. toddler c. adolescent d. older adult
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adolescent
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Challenges that counselors may face in their work with children from diverse ethnic groups include: a. similar world views. b. mistaken assumptions about cultural assimilation. c. both mistaken assumptions about cultural assimilation and, stereotypical generalizations. d. stereotypical generalizations.
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both mistaken assumptions about cultural assimilation and, stereotypical generalizations
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A prominent theorist that explains children's cognitive development is: a. Thorensen. b. Piaget. c. Bronfenbrenner. d. Glasser.
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Piaget
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The process of becoming like another culture is called: a. becoming culturally competent. b. encapsulation. c. acculturation. d. ethnic identity development.
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ethnic identity development.
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Erikson's model proposed: a. friendship stages. b. stages of cognitive development. c. tasks for social development. d. language development.
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tasks for social development.
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Bowlby explained a theory of: a. attachment. b. crisis. c. grief. d. birth order.
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Attachment
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The differences between mental health and mental illness can be a difference in: a. perceptions. b. theory. c. terminology. d. degree.
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Degree
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The characteristics of a culturally effective counselor also include all of the following except adjust to the present culture. b. avoiding being "culturally encapsulated." : a. assisting the client to change and c. recognizing that no theory of counseling is entirely neutral. d. understanding his or her own values and philosophy toward other cultures.
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d. understanding his or her own values and philosophy toward other cultures.
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Culture can be defined as: a. a group's way of talking to each other. b. all the behavior and attitudes that are learned, shared, and transmitted among group members. c. going to the theater. d. the natural part of the environment.
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all the behavior and attitudes that are learned, shared, and transmitted among group members.
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How do we know if counseling works? a. The client changes. b. The client returns. c. Your supervisor tells you. d. The client pays the bill.
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The client changes.
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Regarding how much self-disclosure is appropriate for the counselor, Poppen and Thompson concluded that: a. self-disclosure is more beneficial when it takes a here-and-now focus. b. self-disclosure is seldom appropriate. c. self-disclosure is an excuse for getting help with one's own problems. d. self-disclosure should always be positive.
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self-disclosure is more beneficial when it takes a here-and-now focus.
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Which of the following is NOT a common ingredient in successful therapy? a. Encouragement b. A supportive environment c. Goals and direction d. Advice
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Advice
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The three things counselors should listen for are clients' concerns, feelings about concerns, and: a. what others people think about the client's problems. b. the expectation the client has for counseling. c. how the past has caused the problem. d. general information about the client's life such as age, academic achievement, and occupational goals.
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the expectation the client has for counseling.
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When the interviewee will not talk, the counselor's best technique is to: a. probe with questions in order to break the ice. b. reflect the interviewee's reluctance to begin or continue. c. wait in silence. d. encourage the interviewee to relax and "open up."
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reflect the interviewee's reluctance to begin or continue.
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Corsini summarized the critical elements necessary for change as which of these sets? a. Transference, catharsis, modeling b. Resistance, self-disclosure, empathy c. Cognitive, affective, behavioral d. Clarification, summarization, active listening
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Cognitive, affective, behavioral
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Lazarus's framework for understanding problems is called the: a. BASIC ID. b. SCORE. c. HELPING. d. ABCDE.
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BASIC ID.
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One of the universal counseling skills is: a. interpretation. b. transference. c. minimal encouragers. d. education.
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minimal encouragers.
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Choose the most common sequence of events within a general counseling framework: a. build rapport--identify problems--identify alternative behaviors and possible outcome of each--build commitment. b. build rapport--build commitment-identify problems--identify alternative behaviors and possible outcomes. c. identify alternative behaviors and possible outcomes--clarify problem--establish rapport--build commitment. d. build rapport-identify problems--build commitment--identify alternative behaviors and possible outcomes.
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build rapport-identify problems--build commitment--identify alternative behaviors and possible outcomes.
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Goal Attainment Scaling provides for: a. process and outcome evaluation. b. positive outcome evaluation. c. levels of outcome evaluation. d. behavioral plans and levels of outcome.
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levels of outcome evaluation.
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Ethical codes also help mental health professionals in all but one of the following ways: a. they increase the prestige of the profession. b. they protect clients. c. they ensure the autonomy of the professional. d. they provide penalties for unethical behavior.
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they provide penalties for unethical behavior.
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Which of the following is true regarding confidentiality? a. It is acceptable to break the confidentiality of a minor child and report counseling content to parents. b. Even though the report breaches confidentiality, counselors must report child abuse or neglect in all states. c. Law in all states grants confidentiality between counselor and client. d. Warning a person of threat against his or her life is the only time it is acceptable to break confidentiality.
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Even though the report breaches confidentiality, counselors must report child abuse or neglect in all states.
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Legal standards provide: a. ever changing guidelines. b. the minimum acceptable societal standards. c. moderate societal standards. d. the ideal societal standards.
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the minimum acceptable societal standards.
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One of the principle ethics to which the counseling profession adheres is: a. courage. b. competence. c. beneficence. d. persistence.
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beneficence
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A virtue ethic to which the counseling profession adheres is: a. beneficence. b. courage. c. competence. d. prudence.
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prudence
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The files of clients who are children: a. are not accessible to parents. b. are no longer personal files if typed by a personal secretary. c. may not be seen by anyone, even the client. d. are protected by law.
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are protected by law
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A counselor that you work with talks openly about her cases with other members of the staff. She has even been known to leave confidential information on the bathroom sink while using the restroom. What is your responsibility? a. Attempt to resolve the situation by talking directly to the counselor. If the counselor still violates confidentiality, report the behavior to the head of administration. b. Ignore the situation because you don't want to get yourself into any trouble, nor do you want to be a snitch. c. Tell the counselor's clients of the counselor's behavior as they have a right to know about the unethical behavior. d. Go directly to the head of administration to discuss this counselor's actions.
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Attempt to resolve the situation by talking directly to the counselor. If the counselor still violates confidentiality, report the behavior to the head of administration.
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You hold strong beliefs/opinions against homosexuality, and you are a counselor for a group of young men, one of whom is a homosexual. What do you do? a. Allow the man to stay in the counseling group, but be up front with the group by letting your opinions be well known to him and to the others. b. Let the homosexual man know about your beliefs, and kindly tell him that he can't be included in the counseling group for these reasons. c. Resign from this job, but search for another job where you will not be counseling a homosexual person. d. Resign from this job, and seek help to resolve the conflict between the nondiscriminatory counseling philosophy and your discriminatory beliefs.
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Resign from this job, and seek help to resolve the conflict between the nondiscriminatory counseling philosophy and your discriminatory beliefs.
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Lynn, age 7, is upset over the death of her mother and tells you she plans to join her mother in heaven. She has found her mother's medicine and plans to take a large number of pills in order to die. You discuss the situation with her at length and try to convince her it is better to live, but you are not sure she agrees. When she leaves, you still fear she will try to "join her mother in heaven." What would you do? a. Tell Lynn you believe that there is a possibility of her hurting herself , that you don't want that to happen and that you and she need to talk with her father. You contact her father. b. Make her sign a statement that she will not take the pills. c. Call her father to alert him of her plan and ask him to keep your conversation confidential. d. Call her medical doctor immediately and arrange for institutionalization.
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Tell Lynn you believe that there is a possibility of her hurting herself , that you don't want that to happen and that you and she need to talk with her father. You contact her father.
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One tip to help counselors who are having an ethical dilemma is: a. do not involve the client in the decision-making process. b. always act in the best interests of the client. c. always act in the best interests of the child's school. d. always act in the best interests of the child's parents.
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always act in the best interests of the child's parents.
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The primary goal of counseling within a psychoanalytic frame of reference is: a. to make the unconscious conscious. b. to make the conscious unconscious. c. to re-educate. d. to measure psychic energy.
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to make the unconscious conscious.
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The case of Pete exhibits all of the following psychodynamic concepts except: a. interpretation. b. acting out. c. undoing. d. making the unconscious conscious.
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undoing
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According to psychoanalytic theory, the basic concepts of human nature revolve around: a. psychic determinism and dynamic unconscious mental processes. b. free association. c. phallic, anal and oral. d. id, ego and superego.
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psychic determinism and dynamic unconscious mental processes.
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Freud viewed people as: a. basically evil. b. basically a blank slate. c. basically a machine. d. basically good.
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basically evil.
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In psychoanalytic theory to achieve balance, people must: a. practice yoga. b. talk to a spiritual leader. c. resolve all their conflicts. d. understand their motivations.
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understand their motivations.
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Freud's concepts of personality were based on the structural concepts of the id, ego and: a. libido. b. superego. c. conscious. d. unconscious
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superego
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A personal's moral standards, according to Freud, are a product of the: a. libido. b. balance in the world. c. superego. d. id.
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superego
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. One of the methods for probing into the unconscious is: a. undoing. b. regression. c. interpretation. d. free association.
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regression
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According to Freud, a therapeutic relationship is built on: a. exposing the ego to analysis. b. the unconscious. c. trust. d. hypnosis.
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Trust
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Individuals who see in others what they fail to recognize in themselves are exhibiting a defense mechanism known as: a. denial. b. projection. c. repression. d. rationalization.
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projection
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All of the following are techniques related to the person-centered counseling method except: a. clarification. b. constructive advice. c. active listening. d. summarization.
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constructive advice.
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The Rogerian model for helping, as modified by Carkhuff, involves which one of the following answers? a. Establish goals, insight, revise goals. b. Establish goals, goal directed action, evaluation. c. Self-exploration, understanding, goal-directed action. d. Insight, generating new experiences, reflection.
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Self-exploration, understanding, goal-directed action.
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The main goal of person-centered therapy is to assist people in becoming: a. happier. b. disentangled. c. more intimate with others. d. more autonomous.
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more autonomous.
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Client-centered counselors focus on: a. helping children interpret their dreams. b. helping children develop behavioral plans. c. helping children resolve their conflicts. d. helping children focus on who they can become.
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helping children focus on who they can become.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of unconditional positive regard? a. Understanding b. Autonomy c. Valuing d. Acceptance
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Autonomy
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According to person-centered counseling theory, who should direct the interview? a. Client b. Topic c. Counselor d. Both counselor, and client
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Client
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Empathy is: a. clarifying. b. active listening. c. understanding the person. d. summarizing.
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understanding the person
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In the child-centered approach the counselor acts as a(n): a. interpreter. b. mirror. c. assessor. d. reinforcer.
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mirror
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Putting into words the feeling tone of what the client has said is: a. restatement. b. interpretation. c. reflection. d. clarification.
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reflection
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Which of the following is the most appropriate response to children's statements of problems? a. Praising the child. b. Inviting the child to talk more. c. Trying to get the children to see humor in this situation. d. Sharing the best solution.
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Inviting the child to talk more.
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Perls believed that the most important areas of concern are: a. the person's thoughts and feelings in the present. b. the person's goals for the future. c. the person's past relationships. d. the person's dreams.
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the person's thoughts and feelings in the present.
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Gestalt counseling is NOT recommended for which of these types of individuals? a. Constricted b. Overly socialized c. Borderline d. Restrained
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Borderline
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Which of the following is emphasized in Gestalt counseling? a. Support from others b. Rational thinking c. Awareness d. Goal setting
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Awareness
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Gestalt counseling is appropriate for all of the following EXCEPT: a. overly intellectualizing clients. b. psychotic clients. c. children dealing with grief. d. sexually abused children.
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psychotic clients.
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The Gestalt therapist believes psychologically disturbed people have become separated from: a. important parts of themselves. b. government. c. religion. d. community.
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important parts of themselves.
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The 5 layers which act as counseling stages for the counseling process are the 1) phony layer, 2) phobic layer, 3) impasse layer, 4) ________ and 5) ________. a. confluence/fragmentation b. top dog/under dog c. implosion/explosion d. transference/countertransference
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implosion/explosion
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According to Perls, Gestalt theory involves: a. thoughts and feelings of the moment. b. reactions as total organisms. c. awareness that being alone can be curative. d. all of the choices.
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all of the choices.
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According to the Gestalt viewpoint, the healthy person has a: a. figure only and no ground. b. rigid figure and an obscure ground. c. flexible figure imposed on a rigid ground. d. figure-ground that emerges and recedes smoothly.
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figure-ground that emerges and recedes smoothly.
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Gestalt interventions are: a. breakthrough mechanisms. b. rebirthing procedures. c. contracting outlines. d. cognitive restructuring exercises.
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breakthrough mechanisms.
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Violet Oaklander explained that when children are anxious, they: a. perform well in school. b. play too much. c. block their emotions. d. do not eat well.
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block their emotions.
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According to Skinner, individuals choose behaviors based on which of the following? a. Thoughts b. Emotions c. Pleasure principle d. Anticipated consequences
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Anticipated consequences
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Behaviorists view people as: a. good. b. evil. c. irresponsible. d. products of their environments.
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products of their environments.
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Behavior analysis involves which of the following sequence of steps? a. Identify who is responsible, identify the person's irrational beliefs, substitute rational believes, reeducate. b. Identify the problem category, identify problem type, determine cause, select a problem solution. c. Identify who is responsible, why they are acting irresponsibly, punish responsibly, punish again if necessary. d. Identify why the problem exists, how long it has occurred, provide insight, reorient and reeducate.
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Identify the problem category, identify problem type, determine cause, select a problem solution.
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Since all behavior is learned: a. it can be unlearned. b. people are irrational. c. we are very smart. d. school is very important.
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it can be unlearned.
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A counseling method that consists of giving points for certain behaviors is known as: a. modeling. b. biofeedback. c. shaping. d. role playing.
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shaping
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According to the principles used in behavioral counseling, to change behavior you must: a. identify reinforcing stimuli. b. interpret dreams. c. identify underlying needs. d. live in the here and now.
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identify reinforcing stimuli.
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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. A seat belt buzzer stopping. b. Free time when homework is complete. c. A spanking after kicking the dog. d. Attention after raising your hand.
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A seat belt buzzer stopping.
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Which of the following is true about punishment? a. Punishment promotes more effective behavior. b. Punishment may be a permanent solution. c. Punishment may produce undesirable effects. d. Punishment may be instructive if it is not too harsh
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Punishment may produce undesirable effects.
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According to behaviorist principles, adults can increase their capacity for modifying the behavior of children by: a. catching them doing "good" behavior. b. ignoring bad behavior. c. listening carefully. d. avoiding snap judgments.
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catching them doing "good" behavior.
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The primary focus of behavioral counseling is on teaching clients about: a. becoming more comfortable with new behavior patterns. b. reinforcement and extinction. c. better ways to meet their needs. d. determining unconscious motivations.
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better ways to meet their needs.
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Glasser believes problems result from which of the following? a. Incorrect learning. b. Inability to express one's deepest feelings. c. An inability to fulfill one's basic needs. d. Irrational thinking.
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An inability to fulfill one's basic needs.
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Reality therapy includes each of the following steps except: a. examining the reasons why a behavior is performed. b. not becoming discouraged and giving up too soon. c. involvement. d. logical consequences.
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examining the reasons why a behavior is performed.
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The reality therapy focus is on the: a. past. b. future. c. none of the choices. d. present.
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present
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Children who have a failure identity believe: a. I can't, I'm no good. b. somebody made me do it. c. my friends think it's better to fail than succeed. d. my parents will never be satisfied with what I do.
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I can't, I'm no good
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Which one of the following views adheres to the beliefs to William Glasser? a. That people need to be controlled in order to learn to fulfill their needs and to become responsible individuals. b. That people are basically bad and must learn responsible behavior. c. That people resent the reality of the world around them. d. That adjusted people are those who can fulfill their needs without infringing on the rights of others.
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That adjusted people are those who can fulfill their needs without infringing on the rights of others.
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When clients are questioned, they will usually: a. evaluate their behavior. b. exploit their behavior. c. rationalize their behavior. d. condemn their behavior.
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rationalize their behavior.
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Choice theory practitioners teach their clients that they can: a. control only their behavior. b. minimize their difficulties. c. advise their children better. d. learn to figure out their communication patterns.
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control only their behavior.
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Reality therapists believe that: a. counselors should limit their engagement with clients. b. responsibility belongs to the extended family. c. changing feelings will change behavior. d. changing behavior will change feelings.
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changing behavior will change feelings.
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Glasser defines mental illness as: a. psychosis. b. irrationality. c. insanity. d. irresponsibility.
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irresponsibility
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Glaser sees a correlation between: A. family of origin and psychosis. b. age and mental disorders. c. irresponsibility and irrationality d. unmet needs and degree of mental distress.
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irresponsibility and irrationality
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Solution focused practitioners believe that: a. even when they are not doing well, people can control their strong emotions. b. even when they are not doing well, people can make behavioral contracts. c. even when they are not doing well, people have some pieces of solutions. d. even when they are not doing well, people are capable of rational thought.
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even when they are not doing well, people have some pieces of solutions.
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Counselors who use solution-focused brief counseling believe that people: a. will resist counselors' suggestions. b. are free to make responsible choices. c. must concentrate on present problems. d. need to focus on the causes of their problems.
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are free to make responsible choices.
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Solution-focused brief counseling has a _________ orientation that takes precedence over a _________ orientation. a. past; future b. past; present c. future; present d. present; past
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future; present
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Solution-focused practitioners believe they should begin by: a. finding out what the client is doing that works. b. listing all the stressors in the child's life. c. completing a family genogram. d. getting an academic history.
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finding out what the client is doing that works.
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According to solution-focused brief counselors, small behavioral changes: a. build momentum. b. cannot be evaluated well. c. do little to alter the problem situation. d. cause complacency.
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build momentum.
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In solution-focused brief counseling, goals need to be: a. stated in terms of what not to do. b. stated in terms of what others want. c. stated in terms that are positive. d. left open to interpretation.
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stated in terms that are positive.
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Solution-focused brief counseling requires _______ structure than other approaches to counseling. a. less b. twice as much c. about the same d. more
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about the same
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In solution-focused brief counseling, counselors need to understand all of the following except: a. the client's expectations for counseling. b. the problem. c. the intensity of the emotions surrounding the problem. d. the history of the problem.
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the history of the problem.
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Solution-focused brief counseling may be explained as: a. helping a client find purpose in life. b. helping a client identify emotions. c. helping a client rewrite thoughts. d. helping a client build on personal successes.
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helping a client build on personal successes.
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"If something happened overnight and your problems were solved" is: a. scaling. b. a bridge. c. a positive goal. d. the miracle question.
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the miracle question.
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Adler believed the prime motivator of behavior is: a. the search for basic needs. b. the search for self-actualization. c. the search for power. d. the search for love and belonging.
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the search for power.
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Style of life analysis involves an assessment of a person's response to which of the following? a. Frustration b. Parents c. Excuses d. Siblings
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Frustration
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Which of the following is not one of the three environmental factors of individual psychology that affect the development of a child's personality? a. Family discipline b. Family religion c. Family atmosphere d. Family constellation
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Family religion
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Which of the following are the four goals of misbehavior? a. Revenge, disgust, confusion, power b. Power, confusion, attention, disgust c. Revenge, confusion, inadequacy, power d. Revenge, attention, inadequacy, power
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Revenge, attention, inadequacy, power
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A corrective procedure for a goal of misbehavior is: a. punishment. b. encouragement. c. negative reinforcers. d. blame.
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encouragement
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A good barometer to mental health according to Adler is: a. early recollections. b. social interest. c. family birth order. d. natural consequences.
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social interest.
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Three factors necessary for counseling according to Mosak and Mosak are: a. faith, hope and love. b. faith, love and time. c. hope, love and time. d. faith, time and hope.
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faith, hope and love.
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In Adlerian play therapy the ultimate goal is to: a. track early recollections. b. reduce discouragement. c. identify birth order. d. conduct family education classes.
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reduce discouragement.
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In Adlerian counseling the counselor and child are considered: a. equal partners. b. teacher - student. c. protagonists. d. conflictual.
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equal partners.
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A counseling strategy that allows children to experience the results of their behavior is: a. isolation techniques. b. life style analysis. c. logical consequences. d. contingency contracting.
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logical consequences.
