question

What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?

answer

Chylomicrons

question

Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?

answer

c.Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet

question

If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A?

answer

Intestinal cells

question

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?

answer

Beta—carotene

question

How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body?

answer

three

question

Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?

answer

Retinol-binding protein

question

With what vitamin is opsin usually associated in the body?

answer

A

question

Which of the following describes an association between vitamin A and vision?

answer

b.Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration.

question

Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response?

answer

Retinal

question

Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process?

answer

a.Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal.

question

Approximately what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver?

answer

90

question

Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health?

answer

c.It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur.

question

If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?

answer

1 to 2 years

question

Worldwide, how many preschool age children go blind each year due to vitamin A deficiency?

answer

500,000

question

Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status?

answer

d.Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein.

question

Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of

answer

b.vitamin A.

question

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?

answer

d.Night blindness

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A nutrition?

answer

Supplements are recommended for certain groups of infants and children infected with the measles in the United States.

question

Which of the following is a feature of Accutane?

answer

It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women.

question

Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice?

answer

Skin yellowing

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods?

answer

Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene.

question

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?

answer

pumpkin pie

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin A in foods?

answer

Arctic explorers who have eaten large quantities of polar bear liver have become ill with symptoms suggesting vitamin A toxicity.

question

The plant version of vitamin D is known as

answer

ergocalciferol.

question

The animal version of vitamin D is known as

answer

cholecalciferol.

question

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?

answer

Cholesterol

question

What percentage of the U.S. population is deficient in vitamin D?

answer

10

question

The main function of vitamin D is to promote

answer

calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone.

question

Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?

answer

Intestine

question

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin

answer

D

question

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

answer

Osteomalacia

question

What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia?

answer

Adult women

question

Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?

answer

Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

question

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. As your friend only purchases organic and all-natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store?

answer

Vitamin D-fortified milk

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?

answer

The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition?

answer

Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity

question

Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?

answer

Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight

question

Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?

answer

Excessive intake of vitamin D

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?

answer

Fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source.

question

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?

answer

Fortified milk

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?

answer

Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D

question

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?

answer

egg yolks

question

What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of age?

answer

15 μg

question

Absorption efficiency of vitamin D supplements is markedly improved when they are taken

answer

with a large meal

question

Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?

answer

E

question

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)

answer

antioxidant

question

How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?

answer

It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins.

question

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of

answer

polyunsaturated fatty acids.

question

What form of tocopherol shows vitamin E activity in the human body?

answer

Alpha

question

Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people?

answer

Erythrocyte hemolysis

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?

answer

Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids.

question

Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy?

answer

Intermittent claudication

question

Which of the following is a property of the tocopherols?

answer

Easily destroyed by air and oxygen

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E in foods?

answer

Most convenience foods are poor sources of vitamin E.

question

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?

answer

Vegetable oils

question

Which of the following is characteristic of the tocopherols?

answer

They are usually found in foods high in polyunsaturated fats.

question

What is prothrombin?

answer

A protein needed for blood clot formation

question

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?

answer

Blood clotting

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

answer

Vitamin K participates in synthesis of bone proteins.

question

Which of the following is a feature of osteocalcin?

answer

It requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals.

question

Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?

answer

Antibiotic therapy

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin K nutrition?

answer

Absorption is inhibited when bile production diminishes.

question

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

answer

K

question

Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns?

answer

Vitamin K

question

What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency?

answer

newborns

question

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?

answer

No adverse effects have been reported with high intakes.

question

Which of the following is a major form of vitamin K in foods?

answer

Phylloquinone

question

Approximately what percentage of the body's store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract bacterial synthesis?

answer

50

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals?

answer

They arise from normal metabolic reactions.

question

Substances that promote oxidation are usually termed

answer

prooxidants.

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