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Therapy:

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treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

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Psychotherapy:

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a type of therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional

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insight therapies:

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psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings

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action therapy:

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psychotherapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

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Biomedical therapy:

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a type of therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms

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Biomedical: PRO: CON:

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helps to alleviate symptoms, which can help increase progress in psychotherapy, Doesn't help to provide insight into disorder or issue. Doesn't help to facilitate development of coping skills, etc.

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Psychotherapy: PRO: CON:

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helps to form a better understanding of symptoms, and facilitates adjustment using coping skill development, and positive ways of interacting within their environment. With certain disorders, medication is needed to stabilize the client so that psychotherapy can be more effective.

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Philippe Pinel

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(a French physician) became famous for demanding that the mentally ill be treated with kindness, personally unlocking the chains of inmates in France.

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Psychoanalysis:

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an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts

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dream interpretation -

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interpreted latent content (symbolic meaning of dreams) in order to reveal unconscious conflicts. Remember manifest content is the actual content of dreams.

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free association -

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Freudian technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations - patient lays on couch and doesn't have a view of the therapist to avoid these evaluations.

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Psychodynamic therapy:

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traditional psychoanalysis is very long term, and very intense (3-5 x per week). Psychodynamic therapy is a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach (active interpretations, suggesting helpful behavior etc).

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Interpersonal therapy (IPT):

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an insight therapy focusing on relationships of the individual with others and the way in which mood affects the events of everyday life and relationships. Incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems

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Two humanistic therapies:

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Person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy.

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Based in the approach of Humanistic Therapy -

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humanists focus on conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and sense of self; focuses on more immediate experiences rather than early childhood.

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Person-centered therapy/ Client-centered therapy:

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a nondirective (therapist remains neutral, does not interpret or take direct actions; remains calm and non-judgmental) insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens

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reflection:

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therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements

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unconditional positive regard:

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refers to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy

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empathy:

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the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client

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authenticity:

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the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client

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Motivational Interviewing :

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A variation of client-centered therapy

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In contrast to client-centered therapy, MI has specific goals:

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namely, to reduce ambivalence about change and to increase intrinsic motivation to bring that change about.

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Gestalt therapy:

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founded by Fritz Perls Perls believed that problems stemmed from hiding important parts of ourselves and feelings from ourselves - more focused on denying parts of selves rather than hiding parts of selves (such as in psychoanalysis) form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing

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"empty chair" technique -

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a role-play in which a client talks to an empty chair in order to understand more about themselves or others' point of views.

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Humanistic theory:

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work best with intelligent, highly verbal persons.

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Behavior therapies:

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action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior

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Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis:

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the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

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Systematic desensitization:

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behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears

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counterconditioning:

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by pairing the old conditioned response (the fear response) with a new relaxation response that is incompatible with the fear response, the person's fear is reduced and relieved. Instead of fearing fear, they begin feeling relaxation (through practice).

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Aversion therapy:

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form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior

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Exposure therapy:

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behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations (under carefully controlled conditions) that are related to their anxieties or fears

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Graded exposure :

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slowly exposing client to feared situations

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Flooding:

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technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response

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Modeling (based in operant conditioning):

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learning through the observation and imitation of others

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participant modeling:

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technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model

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Reinforcement:

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the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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token economy:

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the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

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contingency contract:

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a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated

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Extinction:

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the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior

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time-out:

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an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities

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Cognitive therapy:

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therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts

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arbitrary inference:

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distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence

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selective thinking:

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distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects

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overgeneralization:

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distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original

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magnification and minimization:

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distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)

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personalization:

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distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):

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action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, therefore helping to change their behavior

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Three Goals:

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Relieve the symptoms and solve the problems. Develop strategies for solving future problems. Help change irrational, distorted thinking.

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Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT):

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cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements Very active and directive Assigns homework Uses behavioral techniques to modify behavior

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Family counseling (family therapy):

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a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family

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Self-help groups (support groups):

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a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

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Group therapy

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is most useful to persons who cannot afford individual therapy and who may obtain a great deal of social and emotional support from other group members.

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Eclectic therapies:

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therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques. This is a style that a lot of practitioners utilize.

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Therapeutic alliance:

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the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding.

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Cybertherapy:

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psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet; also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or counseling

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Biomedical therapies:

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therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain

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Psychopharmacology:

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the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders

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antipsychotic drugs:

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drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior (exs...Risperdal, Abilify, Seroquel)

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antianxiety drugs:

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drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions; typically minor tranquilizers (exs...Xanax, Valium, Ativan)

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antimanic (mood stabilizer) drugs:

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used to treat bipolar disorder; include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs (exs...Zyprexa, Depakote)

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antidepressant drugs:

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drugs used to treat depression and anxiety (exs...Prozac, Lexapro, Zoloft)

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

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form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression (sometimes also with schizophrenia and severe mania that have been resistant to treatment) in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion in either or both sides of the brain is passed through the electrodes; releases a flood of neurotransmitters.

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Virtual reality

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is a software generated three-dimensional simulated environment with can be used in the treatment of PTSD.

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