Bio Unit 3 – Flashcards
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Growth, Replace, Repair
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Mitosis
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A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
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Binary Fission
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When it is dividing in the nucleus
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Chromosomes
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When a cell is not dividing.
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Chromatin
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G1, S, G2. Performs usual functions. Job is o make proteins.
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Interphase 3 stages
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Growth 1: getting bigger, making copies
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G1
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DNA replicates
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S- DNA Synthesis
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Growth 2: Cell prepares to divide
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G2
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Nerve cells are not dividing or growing. Ex: Paralyze
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G0
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Cell actually splits. Actually going to divide.
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Division of cytoplasm
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Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Four phases of Mitosis (PMAT)
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Checks to see if chromosomes are properly in line.
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Mitotic Stage Checkpoint
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Epidermal growth factor stimulates skin near an injury to finish cell cycle and repair injury.
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External Signals (out side the cell)
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The cells stop dividing when they touch. Cells divide about 70 times.
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Contact Inhibition (internal signal)
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Programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
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Apoptosis can be used to...
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Remove damaged or malfunctioning cells
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Disease of the cell cycle in which cellular reproduction occurs repeatedly without stopping.
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Cancer
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Cancer is classified by...
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Location
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Cancer of epithelial tissue
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Carcinoma
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Cancer of the muscle or connective tissue
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Sarcoma
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Cancer of the blood
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Leukemia
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All cells are normal then somehow became mutated and can't prevent this.
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Carcinogenesis
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Lack differentiation- do not contribute to body function, divide repeatedly, have abnormal nuclei with abnormal number of chromosomes.
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Cancer Cells Characteristics
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Contact inhibition Controlled Growth Specialized cells Normal chromosomes Undergo apoptosis
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Normal Cells
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No contact inhibition Uncontrolled cell growth (tumor) Nonspecialized cells Abnormal chromosomes No apoptosis
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Cancer Cells
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Cells travel to start new tumors (cancer spread)
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Undergo Metastasis
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Form new blood vessels into the tumor and feed the tumor.
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Angiogenesis
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The term metastasis refers to the fact that cancer cells tend to...
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Travel
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Remove cancerous tissue by surgery
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Excision
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Use chemicals to treat disease, stop cell growth
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Chemotherapy (drugs)
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Destroy DNA of fast growing cells, shrinks tumor
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Radiation
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Avoid smoking, sun exposure, heavy drinking
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Protective Behaviors
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Weight loss, increase consumption of vitamins A and C, avoid salt-cured or pickled foods, include cabbage family members in diet
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Protective Diet
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Genetic disease. Requires several mutations. Takes years for cancer to develop.
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Cancer
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Everyone has these genes. Tell cells to divide.
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Protoncognenes
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Prevent cells from dividing repeatedly.
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Tumor suppressor genes
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Once becomes oncogenes, cells keep dividing and this is bad.
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Proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing oncogenes
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Portion of chromosomes may break off and reattach to another chromosome
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Translocation
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Translocation between 9 and 22
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Philadelphia Chromosome
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Alleles are mutant tumor suppressor genes that are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner
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BRCA1, BRACA2
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HPV (viruses can cause caner)
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Cancer vaccines
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A=T, C=G (nucleotides) Each nucleotide is a sugar and phosphate.
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Chargaff's Rules
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Crystalized DNA to show it was a helix.
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Franklins X-ray diffraction data
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The X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA discovered by Rosalind Franklin showed that...
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both helical and has a repeated pattern
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Watson and Creek won...
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The nobel prize
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Double helix, like a twisted ladder. Two strands.
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DNA structure
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Carries genetic messages to ribosomes
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Messenger RNA
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Transfers amino acids to ribosomes
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Transfer RNA
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Joins with proteins to form ribosomes
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Ribosomal RNA
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Where proteins are made
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Gene Expression
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Dizygotic. Mother releases 2 eggs, each is fertilized by separate sperm.
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Fraternal twins
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Monozygotic.
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Identical twins
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Recombining DNA from 2 or more organism
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Recombinant DNA
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Pre-1980's pituitary dwarfs received hGh purified from cadaver dwarfs.
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Human Growth Hormone (hGh)
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Grown in bioreactors, gene product collected from growth medium
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Transgenic Bacteria
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Increased crop yield Resistance to drought, freezing Decreased use of pesticides Increased nutrition Increased shelf life
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Benefits on Transgenic Plants
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Uses if Transgenic Plants
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Round up ready
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kills insects
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BT corn
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Division of the nucleus
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Mitosis
