RCM History 2: Significant Individuals, Events, Developments & Publications – Flashcards

Ordered a system of recording music to be created; clergymen created neumes

Latin for "Book of Common Use"; book of common Gregorian chants compiled by monks of Abbey of Solesmes; contains most versions of Mass Ordinary and explains neumes; contains specific chants for rituals such as baptism, wedding, ordination, and benediction

Latin for "Music Handbook"; anonymous 9th century treatise consisting of earliest written examples of polyphony, including parallel organum

Prophecy, visionary, scientist, and musician; composed "Ordo virtutum" (morality play)

12-13th century "school" in Notre Dame; Leonin was first composer of polyphony known by name; Perotin expanded polyphonic technique by adding three/four part polyphony

Latin for "new art"; 14th century treatise by composer Phillippe de Vitry; term is used by historians referring to 14th century France music; previous era became nicknamed Ars Antiqua (old art)

Latin for "Mass of Our Lady"; among earliest complete polyphonic settings of Mass Ordinary by single composer; four voices, uses isorhythm and recurring motives

French for "Songbook of the King"; anon. 13th century manuscript containing earliest notated dance music

Refers to the style of polyphonic vocal music in the Burgundian States; included composer Josquin des Prez (3rd generation)

Catholic Church responded with a reform movement which focused on a return to true Christianity. It lasted from the 1530's to the end of the 16th cent.

Council of Trent (series of meetings in Trento, Italy) disliked elaborate, highly-melismatic, polyphonic masses normal for the Renaissance composers. Words were more important to them than music. They said music was only to serve God, & muddled words may make listeners forget the true meaning of important messages and prayers. Changes include lighter counterpoint, a cappella with the exception of organ, no virtuosity, and audible text

Latin for "Music From Beyond the Alps"; published in London in 1588, contains English translations of Italian Madrigals which became popular in England in the 1580s

Primary source of keyboard music from the late Elizabethan/early Jacobean periods in England. It was named after Viscount Fitzwilliam. The word virginal was used to refer to a keyboard instrument in the Renaissance era.

Group of intellectuals, poets, and musicians under patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi in Florence, Italy, were credited with creating first operas. They tried recreating the ancient Greeks drama, thus creating opera. Oldest surviving opera is L'Euridice (1600); Discussed poetry, music, science; developed monody

Italian for "The New Music"; includes madrigals and arias for solo voice and continuo; contains musical examples and prose descriptions of monody

Means simply "song"; musical texture that had a vocal melody over a bass line with was supported by simple chordal accompaniment

Italian for "representational style"; used by the Florentine Camerata musicians to describe monodic style; recitative-like melody moved freely over simple chord foundation; used to heighten emotional power of text

While in Berlin, C.P.E. composed this treatise. In it, he broke tradition by allowing/encouraging thumb use. The essay lays out the fingering for each chord and some chord sequences. Section 1 of the Essay: Chapter explaining various embellishments in the era (trills, turns, mordents, etc.) Section 2: Presents his ideas on figured bass and counterpoint

German-born in 1714, Gluck has an important place in the history of opera; Gluck tried to restore dramatic integrity to opera; he believed that, like Claudio Monteverdi, music should serve the text; in the development of 18th century opera, he brought the restoration of the chorus and minimized contrast between recitative and aria by composing in arioso style

Refers to orchestral techniques directed by the court orchestra of Mannheim in the later half of the 18th cent. and the group of composers who wrote music for the Mannheim orchestra. Mozart was influenced by their styles

German for "Storm and stress"; Late 18th century literary movement in Germany; spanned roughly 1760-1785; artistic aim was to frighten, shock or overwhelm reader with emotion; musically was translated into passionate outbursts, emphasis on minor keys; evident in works of Bach, Haydn, and Mozart's sons