World History, Chapter 21, Section 1 – Flashcards
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What is the difference between the first and second phases of the Industrial Revolution?
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First phase: Iron and steam engines are dominant tools, British textile industry is driving force, inventions were the product of individuals, railroad was dominant form of transportation Second phase: Electricity and steel are dominant tools, other powers like United States and Germany begin to take over, companies hired professionals to make new inventions, cars were dominant form of transportation
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How did Britain try to protect its status as the world's only industrialized nation?
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By not allowing industrial inventions to be exported
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What was the second nation that industrialized?
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Belgium
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How were other nations able to industrialize like Britain?
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They had more abundant supplies of coal, iron and natural resources and they could follow Britain's lead
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What two countries overtook Britain to become the leading industrial powers?
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The United States and Germany
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Why did British export bans fail?
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William Cockerill opened spinning and weaving factories in Belgium
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Why did Russia industrialize so slowly?
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Social and political conditions did not allow them to industrialize faster
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Why was Japan able to industrialize so rapidly?
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A political revolution in 1868 made industrialization a priority
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What were some of the countries that underwent industrialization?
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Britain, United States, Germany, Japan, Russia, Canada, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia
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What changes did newly industrialized nations undergo?
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Rapid urbanization, long working hours in unsafe factories, increased productivity, more access to goods, lower prices
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Why were Western nations able to dominate the world?
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Because they were industrialized and other nations were not
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Who was Henry Bessemer?
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A British engineer who invented a way to make steel from iron
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What was steel used in?
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Tools, bridges and railroads
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Who was Alfred Nobel?
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He invented dynamite, which was used in both construction and warfare. He also created the Nobel Prize
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Who was Michael Faraday?
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An English chemist who created the first electric motor and the first dynamo
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What is a dynamo?
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A machine that generates electricity
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Who was Thomas Edison?
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An American inventor who created the lightbulb
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What are interchangeable parts?
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Identical components that can be used in place of one another
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What was the effect of interchangeable parts?
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It made it easier to create and repair products
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What is an assembly line?
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A division of labor where each part of the process is assigned to a different worker
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What was the effect of the assembly line?
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It made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods
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Who was Nikolaus Otto?
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German engineer who invented a gasoline powered combustion engine
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What was the combustion engine used for?
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To power cars, planes and farm equipment
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Who was Gottlieb Daimler?
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Creator of the first four-wheeled automobile
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Who were Orville and Wilbur Wright?
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American inventors who created the first airplane capable of flight
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Who was Samuel Morse?
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Inventor of the telegraph and the Morse code
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What is a telegraph?
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A device that uses electricity to send coded messages through wires
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Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
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American inventor who created the telephone
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Who was Guglielmo Marconi?
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Italian inventor who created the radio
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What is stock?
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A share in a company
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Why were stocks needed?
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Because entrepreneurs needed capital in order to invest in new technologies
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What is a corporation?
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A business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
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What was the economic impact of the development of corporations?
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They began to dominate entire industries and set up monopolies and cartels
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What is a monopoly?
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When one business controls the sale of a product
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What is a cartel?
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When a group of corporations join together to fix prices
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Why did some people want regulation of businesses?
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They felt that corporations were destroying the free market system through monopolies and cartels
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How did science, technology and big business promote industrial growth?
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They allowed industries to increase efficiency and production, causing industrialization to spread across the world
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How did technology help industry expand
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Technology allowed industries to work longer and more effectively. Electric lights meant workers could work day and night, telephones allowed workers to quickly send messages, cars allowed for rapid movement, typewriters allowed workers to take down information quickly
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How did capital lead to new business organization?
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Because companies needed so much capital they created stocks. Because so many investors bought stock businesses formed corporations
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How might government change as a result of industrialization?
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Government might have to create new regulations for rapidly expanding corporations and factories
