Leadership 305 Chapters 1-12 Review Questions – Flashcards
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Viewing leadership as an ability refers to one's natural capacity to lead.
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False
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Conceptualized as a skill, leadership is available to only a few, not everyone.
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False
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Conceptualizing leadership as a trait means leaders are born not made.
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True
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Leadership is available to everyone if leadership is a relationship.
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True
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Cultural differences do not impact leadership effectiveness.
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False
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Which of the following perspectives views leadership as "what leaders do"?
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Behavior
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Leadership as relationship is concerned with what?
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Communication between leaders and followers
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Leadership as a skill views leadership as a...
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Competency
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According to the text, what is NOT a universally recognized characteristic of effective leaders?
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Ruthless
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Task behaviors include...
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Setting an agenda
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People can improve their leadership skills with...
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Practice, instruction, and feedback from others
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According to the text, management and leadership...
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Both involve influence
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The definition of leadership used in the text focuses upon...
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Influence, process, and achieving a common goal
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We can increase our intelligence by obtaining information about our role and our environment.
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True
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The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was established in 2000 to reduce inequities and improve people's lives around the world.
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True
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Integrity is only slightly important to leadership—it is not completely necessary.
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False
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Having confidence means feeling self-assured and believing you can accomplish your goals.
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True
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Leaders with integrity have to be careful of disclosing too much information.
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True
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Nelson Mandela is an excellent example of a leader who possesses determination.
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True
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Which of the following is one of the six traits outlined in the text?
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Confidence
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Intelligence includes...
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Good language skills, perceptual skills, and reasoning ability
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Determined leaders know...
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Where they are going and how to get there
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It is important to develop integrity as a leader because...
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You can better influence people
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Who was Nelson Mandela most influenced by?
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Mahatma Gandhi
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Sociability is an important leadership trait because...
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It brings positivity to a group
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Research studies on leadership traits have found...
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A broad range of leadership traits
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Sociability refers to...
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Showing concern for others and establishing pleasant relationships
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Researchers have found that charismatic leadership is characterized by which of the following behaviors?
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Showing competence in every aspect of leadership and communicating high expectations
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Positive psychology moves away from the disease model of human problems.
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True
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The Centre for Applied Positive Psychology developed the Strengths Finder Profile.
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False
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The equation for developing a strength is talent plus mentoring.
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False
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Talents emerge from strengths.
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False
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The Values In Action (VIA) Inventory focuses upon character rather than talents.
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True
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The four domains of leadership strengths are executing, strategic thinking, relationship building and...
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Influencing
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The VIA classification of strengths...
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Examines a set of virtues
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The Centre for Applied Positive Psychology asserts that strengths are...
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More fluid than traits
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Which of the following would be an appropriate way to create a positive work environment?
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Fostering employee virtues
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One way for leaders to discern the strengths of employees is to...
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Give them new work opportunities, ask them, and have them complete a strengths inventory
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According to the "Leadership Snapshot", Steve Jobs...
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Discovered what people wanted and built products accordingly
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The most important principle in this chapter is that you should...
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Identify and focus upon your strengths
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Your leadership can demonstrate more than one style in any given situation.
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True
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Authoritarian leaders give praise and criticism freely based on objective qualifications.
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False
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A laissez-faire leader might say, "Because my workers are lazy, I need to tell them what to do."
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False
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Authoritarian leadership is useful for establishing goals and work standards.
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True
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A hospital emergency room would be an appropriate place to utilize democratic leadership.
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False
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Your ________ as a leader affects how others respond to you and how they respond to their work.
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Philosophy
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In his book The Human Side of Enterprise, _____________ proposed two general theories, Theory X and Theory Y.
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McGregor
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Which leadership style builds group cohesiveness?
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Democratic
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Laissez-faire leaders...
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Do not motivate their workers
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Theory X managers...
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Assume that people dislike work and will avoid it if possible
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Authoritarian leadership is used to...
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Give direction, set goals, and structure work
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Democratic leadership is used to...
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Help employees become self-directed
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Leaders who highly value efficiency are most likely to use what leadership style?
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Authoritarian
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"I only go to work to be paid." This statement most closely aligns with Theory Y assumptions.
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False
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The textbook argues that this leadership style will be successful only in rare situations...
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Laissez-faire
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Task-oriented people are goal driven and find meaning in doing.
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True
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Handing out an agenda is an example of relationally oriented behavior.
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False
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Task leadership behaviors help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, with each other, and with the situation in which they find themselves.
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False
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Good leaders are both task and relationship oriented.
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True
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As a leader, one will always be required to exhibit some degree of task behavior.
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True
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Which of the following is one of the three ways relationship leadership has been characterized?
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Consideration behavior, concern for people, and employee orientation
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Task leadership facilitates...
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Goal accomplishment
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Learning students' names is an example of...
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Relational leadership
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Research has linked ____ with task-oriented leadership behaviors.
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Production orientation and initiating structure
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Relational leadership...
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Includes concern for fair labor practices
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Production orientation is behavior consistent with...
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Defining role responsibilities
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When would be an appropriate time to use more of a relationship-oriented leadership style?
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Your team wants to be recognized
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Our perspectives on task and relational leadership are closely related to our personal style.
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True
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A relationally oriented leader is more effective in virtually every situation.
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False
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Leadership skills refer to learned competencies that leaders are able to demonstrate in performance.
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True
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Most often there is only one best way to correct a problem.
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False
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When generating alternative solutions in problem solving, a leader should not dismiss any solutions as unworthy.
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True
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According to Boal and Hooijberg, the capacity to adapt for strategic leadership is defined as the ability to respond slowly to changes in the environment.
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False
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In the field of leadership, researchers have primarily focused their studies on what foundation?
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Leadership as a trait
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Administrative skills can include which of the following?
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Planning, organizing work, and assigning tasks
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Emotional intelligence can be defined as...
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The ability to perceive and express emotions and understanding and reasoning with emotions
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Conceptual skills can include which of the following?
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Taking corrective action in a problem situation
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Interpersonal skills are...
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People skills and abilities that help a leader work effectively with subordinates, peers, and superiors
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Problem solving includes...
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Identifying the problem, generating alternative solutions, and selecting the best solution
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Social perceptiveness...
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leaders recognize how employees would respond to change
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Virtually every leader would say that they spend most of their time managing resources.
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False
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Management by walking around...
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Captures the essence of managing people
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Visions do not reflect the values of individuals.
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False
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Leaders' visions do not guide people's behaviors.
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False
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Vision is one of Covey's Seven Habits of Highly Effective People.
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True
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A vision challenges the status quo.
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True
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A vision can be thought of as a guiding philosophy that gives meaning and purpose.
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True
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A vision provides a ____, or a laid-out path to follow.
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Map
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A vision is...
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An ideal future state
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Implementing a vision requires the following...
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Empowering others to work with the leader
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Using the right language to articulate a vision includes all of the following...
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Inspiring symbols, inclusive language, and affirming language
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When a leader adapts his or her vision to the audience...
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People are more likely to change
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When leaders _________________ it helps group members identify with something larger than themselves...
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Present the values of the vision
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People resist change...
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When it is too demanding, when the status quo is acceptable, and when it falls outside of their latitude of acceptance
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The most challenging step in making a vision a reality is...
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Implementing the vision
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Visions should challenge people to...
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Transcend the status quo
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Which positive outcomes are associated with building cohesiveness?
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Increased participation and better interaction, strong influence over members, and member satisfaction is high
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Visions include...
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A change, a picture, and attention to values
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Norms typically emerge on their own in-group work.
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False
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Which of the following researchers is(are) responsible for much of the research on promoting standards of excellence?
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Larson and LaFasto
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When a leader provides an agenda for a group meeting, it is an example of...
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Providing structure
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Requiring results is the first critical step for leaders in managing performance.
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True
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Norms in a group are...
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The rules of behavior that are established and shared by group members, the outcome of people interacting with each other and with the leader, and a roadmap for navigating how we are supposed to behave in a group
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Giving group members necessary information and the skills they need to accomplish tasks is an example of...
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Promoting standards of excellence
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When confronting inadequate performance by group members, a leader should...
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Explain what needs to be done differently
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When the group outcome is greater than the sum of the individual contributions. Synergy Working in a group with structure is more difficult for everyone involved.
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False
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"Esprit de corps" is another term for cohesiveness.
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True
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Researchers have found that standards of excellence are a crucial factor associated with team success.
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True
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Promoting member-to-member interaction is an example of...
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Building cohesiveness
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When dealing with out-group members, leaders should avoid listening lest they change their minds.
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False
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When an instructor provides a syllabus she is...
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Providing structure
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Out-groups form when people disagree with the social, political or ethical positions of the group.
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True
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Listening to out-group members indicates that you agree with them.
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False
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Giving out-group members a voice is a means of dealing with out-group members.
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True
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There are 6 major strategies to dealing with out-group members.
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True
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Which are methods for demonstrating empathy?
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Restatement, reflection, support, and paraphrasing
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Why do out-groups form?
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Because some individuals cannot identify with the beliefs of the larger group, because people lack communication skills or social skills, because people are in opposition to the majority, and because people feel excluded by the group
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According to research, which of the following is NOT a successful way to deal with out-group members?
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Ignore them
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What is a reason people are in out-groups?
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They don't feel engaged
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Expressing understanding and reassurance refers to what method to demonstrate empathy?
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Spport
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Which of the following theories explains why out-groups form?
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Social identity theory
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Why should out-group members be listened to?
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They may have good reasons for feeling left out, and the leader has an ethical responsibility to listen to everyone
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Out-groups are detrimental because they hinder synergy.
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True
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Expectancy theory is useful in understanding...
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How to handle out-groups more effectively
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Creating a special relationship with out-group members is the central idea of this theory.
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Leader member exchange theory
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Conflict is inevitable in groups.
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True
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A disagreement about testing pharmaceuticals on animals is a content conflict.
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True
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Breaking down conflicts into smaller pieces is called differentiation.
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False
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The avoidance style of conflict is never useful.
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False
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of conflict?
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Problems
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Why does communication play a central role in handling conflict?
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Because conflict is an interactive process between people
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According to Hocker and Wilmot, which of the following can lead to interpersonal struggles?
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Beliefs and values, goals, desires for control, and desire for status
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Which of the following is an example of a content conflict?
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Disagreeing about rules at work that limit employee breaks, disagreeing with group members about how much work to put into a group project, and disagreeing with a friend on the issue of abortion
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Competing leaders...
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Are assertive about pursuing their own goals but not in assisting others
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Which of the following is true about relational conflicts?
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They are often intermingled with content conflicts
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Face saving is usually a poor approach to resolving conflict because it merely avoids the issue.
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False
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An outcome of framing conflict as an either-or proposition is...
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A reduction in creative solutions to benefit both parties
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Fractionation refers to...
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Breaking down large conflict into manageable pieces
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The Kilmann & Thomas Styles of Approaching Conflict...
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Uses two dimensions (assertiveness and cooperativeness), is based on the work of Blake and Mouton, and provides five basic approaches
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Character enables a leader to maintain his or her core ethical values even in times of immense adversity.
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True
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Integrity is only slightly important to leadership—it is not completely necessary. False Serving others is an example of altruism.
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True
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Leaders don't need to be concerned with ethics as few of their decisions have moral implications.
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False
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More than any other trait, people want leaders to be honest.
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True
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Which of the following is an example of leaders' ethical actions?
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Showing justice, serving others, and showing respect
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Showing justice refers to...
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Treating everyone equally
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The goals a leader selects...
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Are a reflection of the leader's ethics
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Which power base refers to the ability of a leader to provide benefits to others?
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Reward
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Values that are concerned with the means or actions a leader takes are known as...
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Modal values
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Character is an innate trait and cannot be changed.
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False
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Representing reality as fully and completely as possible is an example of...
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Honesty
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Which of the following is NOT one of the "Pillars of Character?"
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Compassion
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"I follow this leader because I like him" is an example of which power base?
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Referent
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Path-goal leadership focuses upon how leaders can overcome their personal obstacles in their organizational setting.
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False
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Due to the number of public figures who have misbehaved, many school districts have taken the following step...
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Implemented character education
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Individuals with low motivation need clear direction to overcome this obstacle.
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False
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Workers who face complex tasks are best served through a supportive leadership style.
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False
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When someone lacks challenge, the leader should focus upon achievement.
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True
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Expectancy theory provides a way to motivate others.
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True
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Group members who are uninvolved need a participative leadership style.
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True
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A supportive leadership style is important when facing which obstacle?
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Simple tasks
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If the obstacle is unclear goals, the way to overcome it is by...
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None of the above
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Participative leadership is helpful in overcoming this obstacle.
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Low involvement
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Low motivation can be addressed by...
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Helping others feel competent, helping others get what they expect and helping others value what they do
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Being a directive leader is useful if group members face...
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Complex tasks
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When group members face obstacles, leaders should...
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Tailor their response based on the nature of the member's obstacle
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Leaders should set high standards and challenge group members to achieve them in overcoming this obstacle...
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Lack of challenge
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Defining the path to the goal helps overcome this challenge...
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Unclear directions
