CJ 120 Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4 – Flashcards
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The concept of retaliation develops into a system of criminal law when it becomes customary for the victim of the wrongdoing to a. take revenge on the person who wronged them. b. start a vendetta against the wrongdoer's family. c. report the crime to the proper authorities. d. accept something else instead of blood vengeance.
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Answer: D Accept something else instead of blood vengeance
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Lex talionis is more commonly known as a. the "mark of the slave." b. penal servitude. c. "an eye for an eye." d. the death penalty.
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Answer: C "an eye for an eye."
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Criminal law typically requires _________ action against a wrongdoer. a. public b. retaliatory c. aggressive d. fair
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Answer: A Public
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The first people to allow their citizens to prosecute an offender in the name of an injured party were the a. Babylonians. b. Sumerians. c. Romans. d. Greeks.
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Answer: D Greeks
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Which of the following statements was not a belief held by tribunals at the time of the Inquisition? a. Punishment was necessary to establish guilt or innocence. b. Torture and brutal treatment was a necessary method of questioning. c. Sexual offenses received less intense punishment than witchcraft. d. Heresy was an intolerable crime.
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Answer: C Sexual offenses received less intense punishment than witchcraft
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The basis for modern penal philosophy was established in the a. Babylonian society. b. Middle Ages. c. Age of Enlightenment. d. 19th century.
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Answer: C Age of Enlightenment
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Jail fever was a common term for a. mental illness. b. typhoid. c. claustrophobia. d. psychosis.
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Answer: B Typhoid
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"Innocent until proven guilty" was an idea conceived by a. Voltaire. b. Montesquieu. c. Diderot. d. Beccaria.
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Answer: D Beccaria
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All of the following are among John Howard's principles for a penitentiary system except a. systematic inspection. b. hard physical labor. c. a reformatory regime. d. abolition of fees.
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Answer: B Hard physical labor
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In England, a gaol was a(n) a. jail. b. Bridewell. c. Mamertime Prison. d. asylum.
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Answer: A Jail
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The deportation of criminals to America from England between 1596 and 1776 was known as a. restitution. b. exoneration. c. transportation. d. inquisition.
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Answer: C Transportation
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The deportation of criminals to America from England stopped because of a. persistent complaints filed against the monarchy. b. the beginning of the American Revolution. c. a decision to redirect transportation to Australia. d. the increasingly expensive cost of the voyages.
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Answer: B The beginning of the American Revolution
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Maison de Force was a a. workhouse. b. hospital. c. jail. d. hulk.
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Answer: A Workhouse
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The Hospice of San Michele exclusively handled a. the elderly. b. the criminally insane. c. juveniles. d. the terminally ill.
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Answer: C Juveniles
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Concepts carried over from the earliest cellular institutions do NOT include a. withholding food. b. community-centered labor. c. individualized sleeping areas. d. silence and expiation.
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Answer: A Withholding food
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The man who developed both the Maison de Force and the Hospice of San Michele was a. Montesquieu. b. Voltaire. c. Villain. d. Beccaria.
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Answer: C Villain
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A system of prison discipline that utilized total isolation was known as the a. Great Law. b. English Anglican Code. c. Quaker Code. d. Pennsylvania System.
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Answer: D Pennsylvania System
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Which of the following led to the ultimate failure of the Walnut Street Jail? a. Too many prisoners revolted. b. Isolation proved detrimental. c. There were not enough inmates. d. Disease became too rampant.
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Answer: B Isolation proved detrimental
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Which of the following is a recurring theme throughout the history of penology? a. enlightenment b. compassion c. deterrence d. overcrowding
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Answer: D Overcrowding
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Bentham's "hedonistic calculus" was developed from the belief that a. the effectiveness of deterrence can be calculated mathematically. b. math and science are interconnected. c. crime can be controlled through statistical analysis. d. behavior can be influenced by science.
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Answer: D Behavior can be influenced by science
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Which of the following shows a correct historical sequence in the development of correctional philosophies? a. corporal punishment, penal servitude, workhouses, penitentiaries b. corporal punishment, workhouses, penal servitude, penitentiaries c. penal servitude, corporal punishment, workhouses, penitentiaries d. workhouses, corporal punishment, penal servitude, penitentiaries
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Answer: C Penal servitude, corporal punishment, workhouses, penitentiaries
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Prison reform in early 19th-century America could best be described as a. developing. b. uninspired. c. stagnant. d. militant.
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Answer: A Developing
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In primitive times, personal retaliation was discouraged by tribal members. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Early in history, personal revenge was often considered obligatory. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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In primitive tribal societies, an offender was often kept imprisoned in the center of a village. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The concept of lex talionis first appears in the Bible. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Thousands of people were banished from their countries during the Spanish and Holland Inquisitions. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Civil death was an early name for capital punishment. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Corporal punishment has been the universal form of punishment over the centuries. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Religious beliefs had little impact on the emergence of secular law in the early 14th century. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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In the early days of secular law, extremely severe punishment did not curtail the volume of crime. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Originally, imprisonment was just used as a means to hold the accused until an official punishment was handed out. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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In the Middle Ages, corporal and capital punishment were the rule, rather than the exception. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Transportation and deportation are one and the same. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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William Penn brought the concept of more humane treatment for criminals in England. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Capital and corporal punishment were not employed in Colonial America. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The Pennsylvania system called for solitary confinement after a long day of hard labor. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The Walnut Street Jail program was a breakthrough in penology. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The Eastern Penitentiary was characterized by all of the following except a. silence. b. solitary confinement. c. inside cells. d. separation of inmates.
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Answer: C Inside cells
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The Auburn system was characterized by all of the following except a. freedom to converse with others. b. a large, centralized work area. c. congregate eating and working. d. militaristic procession.
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Answer: A Freedom to converse with others.
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Multi-tier cells were known as a. the congregate system. b. cell blocks. c. inside cells. d. the Auburn system.
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Answer: B Cell blocks
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The first American penitentiaries were designed to be big in order to a. give prisoners their own space. b. fit all of the required services. c. encourage society to fill them. d. outdo the size of European institutions.
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Answer: C Encourage society to fill them
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The main difference between the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems was that in the Auburn system, inmates a. remained in solitary confinement. b. were kept isolated from one another. c. were put on complete silence. d. had to perform manual labor.
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Answer: D Had to perform manual labor
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Which of the following was not a characteristic of early 19th-century American prisons? a. a push toward rehabilitation b. "out of sight, out of mind" c. total control of prisoners d. an emphasis on discipline
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Answer: A A push toward rehabilitation
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Which was not a reason for the use of degrading prison garb? a. commercialization of prisons b. classification of prisoners c. institutionalization of inmates d. identification of escapees
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Answer: A Commercialization of prisons
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The concept for inside cell block design is an innovation carried over from the a. Eastern penitentiary. b. Western penitentiary. c. Auburn system. d. Irish system.
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Answer: C Auburn system
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A period of confinement dependent upon rehabilitation was known as a(n) a. mark system. b. indeterminate sentence. c. flat sentence. d. quantity of labor.
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Answer: B Indeterminate sentence
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Maconochie showed that a. rehabilitation is rarely, if ever, successful. b. criminals can make a successful return to society. c. inmates should never be in control of their destiny. d. indeterminate sentencing was destined to fail.
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Answer: B Criminals can make a successful return to society
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A reformatory incorporated all of the following except a. a focus on education. b. conditional release. c. degrading garb. d. facilities for training.
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Answer: C Degrading garb
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Elmira was built in the a. 17th century. b. 18th century. c. 19th century. d. 20th century.
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Answer: C 19th century
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Brockway's concept for the reformatory primarily focused on making improvements in the area of a. athletics. b. religion. c. discipline. d. education.
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Answer: D Education
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In the short term, the two main contributors of the reformatory era to corrections were a. discipline and punishment. b. education and vocational training. c. indeterminate sentencing and parole. d. rehabilitation and redress.
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Answer: C Indeterminate sentencing and parole
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One of the only contributions that was made by other prisons besides Elmira between 1870 and 1900 was a. indeterminate sentencing. b. plumbing. c. parole. d. educational reform.
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Answer: B Plumbing
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The penitentiary system in the South dissipated as a result of a. the detrimental effects of the Civil War. b. clashing penal philosophies. c. a drop-off in the number of criminals. d. the reformatory movement.
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Answer: A The detrimental effects of the Civil War
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Which of the following statements is not true of the lease system? a. It made a positive contribution to corrections. b. It was essentially akin to slavery. c. It was profitable for lessees and the states. d. It lasted from the end of the Civil War until 1928.
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Answer: A It made a positive contribution to corrections
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Legislators supported industrial prisons after they realized the prisons were a. reforming convicts. b. making a profit. c. not supported by unions. d. failing miserably.
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Answer: B Making a profit
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One reason the industrial prison did not last was because a. reform and rehabilitation were deemed more important. b. the prisons were not making enough of a profit. c. the convicts were putting out poor products. d. it proved to be unfair competition for other businesses.
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Answer: D It proved to be unfair competition for other businesses
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Results of the downfall of the industrial prison did not include a. a return to an emphasis on punishment and custody. b. a stronger relationship with organized labor. c. a return to a system of enforced idleness. d. the adoption of more reformatory concepts.
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Answer: B A stronger relationship with organized labor
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Which of the following statements is not true of the prison turmoil that existed between 1935 and 1960? a. The public embraced the idea of rehabilitation and reform. b. There was a tremendous influx of criminals. c. Prison administrators did not know what to do with their inmates. d. Inmates could no longer do meaningful, productive work.
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Answer: A The public embraced the idea of rehabilitation and reform.
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Which of the following is not a true statement about the period of transition between 1935 and 1960? a. As prison industries died out, riots occurred more regularly. b. The U.S. Bureau of Prisons acknowledged that prisoners needed psychiatric care. c. Overcrowding and enforced idleness intensified problems. d. The Depression made the public more sympathetic toward convicts.
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Answer: D The Depression made the public more sympathetic toward convicts.
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The Western Penitentiary developed out of the Eastern Penitentiary. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The effects of solitary confinement and enforced idleness were never tested in the Auburn system. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The greatest contribution of the Auburn system was the inside cell design. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Under the Auburn system, it was believed that prisoners would contaminate each other if they spoke to one another. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Elam Lynds was opposed to the act of flogging. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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In early prisons, treadmills were a form of exercise. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Many new prisons constructed in the century after the Eastern Penitentiary and the Auburn prison made strong contributions to corrections. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Maconochie came up with the idea for the Irish system. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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In a reformatory, earning good grades could lead to parole. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The industrial prison was an institution owned and run by a large business. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The prison population decreased during the first 40 years of the 20th century. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The Hawes-Cooper Act and the Ashurst-Sumners Act ultimately put an end to the success of industrial prisons. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Alcatraz shut down because too many high-profile convicts escaped. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Outside social issues regularly carried over into prisons during the 20th century. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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At the start of the 21st century, it has become evident that reform is once again desperately needed. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The central aim of executing a correctional ideology is to a. keep society safe from offenders. b. punish criminals for their crimes. c. deter individuals from committing crimes. d. discover a method of crime prevention.
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Answer: A Keep society safe from offenders
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Which of the following is not a primary correctional ideology? a. prevention b. rehabilitation c. punishment d. deterrent
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Answer: D Deterrent
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The concept of "getting even" is known in corrections as a. incapacitation. b. deterrence. c. retribution. d. penitence.
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Answer: C Retribution
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The belief that guilt must be washed away through the suffering of the offender was Heinrich Oppenheimer's ____________ view of punishment. a. aesthetic b. expiatory c. theological d. utilitarian
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Answer: B Expiatory
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Which of Oppenheimer's views of punishment sought a sense of harmony and peace? a. aesthetic b. expiatory c. theological d. utilitarian
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Answer: A Aesthetic
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Not committing a murder because you know that your state doles out the death penalty for such a criminal act is an example of a. specific deterrence. b. general deterrence. c. stigma of conviction. d. guilt.
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Answer: B General deterrence
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The imposition of a life sentence is an example of a. the aesthetic view of punishment. b. general deterrence. c. stigma of conviction. d. incapacitation.
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Answer: D Incapacitation
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Returning to criminal behavior after being released from prison is known as a. incapacitation. b. recidivism. c. double jeopardy. d. disablement.
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Answer: B Recidivism
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Which of the following statements describes a problem that results from the implementation of selective incarceration? a. There is not enough room in the nation's already overcrowded and understaffed prisons. b. Many individuals end up returning to committing crimes after being released. c. The highest-risk offenders are often released inadvertently. d. It is difficult to differentiate between who should remain incarcerated and who should not.
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Answer: D It is difficult to differentiate between who should remain incarcerated and who should not.
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Punishment would probably work best for which of the following individuals? a. an actively using drug addict who was arrested for petty larceny b. a teacher who had a relationship with a 16-year-old student c. a sociopath who has been treated for mental illness for much of his adult life d. a teenager who has been neglected and abused for much of her life
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Answer: B A teacher who had a relationship with a 16-year-old student
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According to Austin and McVey, the prison population a. is steadily decreasing. b. will remain stable for the foreseeable future. c. is rising at an alarming rate. d. is rising at a moderate, but steady pace.
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Answer: C Is rising at an alarming rate
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Which of the following is not a critical component of the rehabilitation ideology? a. deterrence b. education c. treatment d. indeterminate sentencing
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Answer: A Deterrence
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Following the rehabilitation ideology, a criminal diagnosed with schizophrenia would be treated under which model? a. educational b. medical c. indeterminate sentencing d. reintegration
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Answer: B Medical
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According to current ideologies, crime prevention begins a. with parenting classes. b. at work. c. in school. d. with a juvenile's first offense.
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Answer: C In school
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The CIRV can best be described as a(n) a. deviation. b. production. c. collaboration. d. initiation.
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Answer: C Collaboration
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A critical component of the prevention ideology is the a. family. b. environment. c. prisons. d. schools.
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Answer: B Environment
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Sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that crime is a. inevitable. b. unfortunate. c. avoidable. d. situational.
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Answer: A Inevitable
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Getting potential offenders the help they need outside of the justice system, through other community agencies, is known as a. restorative justice. b. CIRV. c. getting tough on crime. d. diversion.
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Answer: D Diversion
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Which of the following ideologies did the justice system begin to embrace in the 1960s? a. punishment b. rehabilitation c. prevention d. restorative justice
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Answer: B Rehabilitation
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Restorative justice is an avenue currently being explored because a. none of the other ideologies are proving entirely successful. b. victims of crimes have begun to complain that they do not have sufficient rights. c. it has been the only ideology proven to inspire lasting change. d. society is in desperate need for a more punitive approach with criminals.
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Answer: A None of the other ideologies are proving entirely successful
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BARJ is different from other methods of correction in that it works to a. incapacitate criminals in order to help their victims recover faster. b. punish the criminals in accordance with victims' wishes. c. repair the damage that has been done to both victims and criminals. d. build lasting relationships between offenders and their victims.
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Answer: C Repair the damage that has been done to both victims and criminals
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Which of the following is not a true statement about restorative justice? a. It provides more services for victims. b. It builds community connections. c. It repairs past damages done. d. It keeps offenders out of the process.
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Answer: D It keeps offenders out of the process
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Which of the following statements is true of the state of Corrections in the United States as of the start of the 21st century? a. Because prisons are overcrowded, Corrections is changing to take on a more community-based, rehabilitative approach to treating the needs of criminals. b. Although studies have proven the need for a more rehabilitative, community-based system, Corrections is returning to a more retribution-centered approach. c. Since Corrections has already unsuccessfully tried the punishment, rehabilitation, and prevention theologies, it is now driving its efforts to the restorative justice philosophy. d. The field of corrections has finally established a reformative, rehabilitative, stable approach to criminal justice and is eager to impart its new ideology.
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Answer: B Although studies have proven the need for a more rehabilitative, community-based system, Corrections is returning to a more retribution-centered approach.
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Which of the following ideologies did prisons embrace and implement in the last three decades of the 20th century? a. punishment b. rehabilitation c. prevention d. restorative justice
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Answer: A Punishment
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Ideologies shift with time and circumstance. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The three categories of correctional ideologies rarely overlap. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Once a convict leaves prison, his or her punishment ends. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Only the most violent criminals are ever incapacitated. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Greenwood argued that selective incapacitation would be a poor use of correctional resources. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Under a punishment ideology, positive behaviors are often overlooked. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The perception of whether punishment is just or unjust has no impact on criminal attitudes and behaviors. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Punishment is effective in correcting the behavior of all individuals. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Following the rehabilitation ideology, an offender's needs will be diagnosed and met. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The rehabilitation ideology is always less punitive and restrictive than other ideologies. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The purpose of the rehabilitation ideology is to treat criminals while they are being punished. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The medical model of rehabilitation holds that offenders should be hospitalized instead of incarcerated. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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In community corrections, the prevention ideology is combined with some type of punishment. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Diversion is a form of prevention. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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A high crime rate tends to push society towards retribution. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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In the last quarter of the 20th century, the correctional system swung more toward a rehabilitation ideology. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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In the restorative justice ideology, all individuals—including violent criminals—have dignity and worth. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Determinate sentencing allows for early release. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The War on Drugs has not reduced the amount of drug use. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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As of 2012, America has finally found a correctional ideology that works. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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The concept that describes the various sentencing options in the criminal justice system is a. plea bargaining. b. prosecution. c. sentencing disparity. d. the correctional filter.
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Answer: D The correctional filter
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Which of the following has the most discretionary power to dismiss or reduce charges prior to the trial? a. the police b. prosecutors c. judges d. victims' advocates
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Answer: B Prosecutors
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A successful white businessman is sentenced to serve one year of probation for selling drugs, while a 22-year-old unemployed African-American male who never graduated high school is given five years in a prison for the same crime. This is an example of a. administrative sentencing. b. good-time policies. c. sentencing disparity. d. presumptive sentencing.
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Answer: C Sentencing disparity
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Which of the following is not an accurate statement regarding the restructuring of the sentencing process in the 1970s? a. The ideology and practice of rehabilitation was challenged. b. Determinate sentencing began to replace indeterminate sentencing. c. A demand for an increase in general accountability started to be made. d. Prisoners began to express their discontent through increased uprisings.
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Answer: B Determinate sentencing began to replace indeterminate sentencing.
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Reasons for plea bargaining do not include a. high caseloads. b. overcrowding. c. limited resources. d. claiming innocence.
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Answer: D Claiming innocence
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Methods of modifying prison terms include a. presumptive sentencing. b. emergency crowding. c. good-times policies. d. determinate sentencing.
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Answer: D Determinate sentencing
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One problem with serving a geriatric prison population is that a. medical care costs can skyrocket. b. it seems to cause an increase in violence. c. it seems to cause a decrease in deterrence. d. prison staff struggle to punish elderly inmates.
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Answer: A Medical care costs can skyrocket
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A court-prepared document that investigates an offender's background in order to determine punishment is a(n) a. correctional brief. b. background report. c. presentence report. d. appeal.
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Answer: C Pre sentence report
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Which is not true of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines of 1987? a. They created a standardized system. b. They have been fairly well received overall. c. They have been put to use by two-thirds of the states. d. They assign an offense level to every crime.
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Answer: C They have been put to use by two-thirds of the states
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Formal or informal violations of civil rights leading to unjustified punishment is a concept known as a. due process. b. railroading. c. sentencing disparity. d. presumptive sentencing.
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Answer: B Railroading
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Which of the following is not an accurate statement? a. Judges must often predict human behavior. b. The hardest task a judge can have is making sentencing decisions. c. Judges can be subtly pressured by various individuals. d. The rehabilitation ideology makes a judge's decision easier.
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Answer: D The rehabilitation ideology makes a judge's decision easier
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The presentence report is used for all of the following except a. making sentencing decisions. b. the probation and parole processes. c. the initial arrest process. d. potential future appeals.
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Answer: C The initial arrest process
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As a result of new sentencing structures, which of the following is a true statement? a. The discretionary power of judges has decreased. b. Judges no longer have any discretion in sentencing decisions. c. The discretionary power of many prosecutors has decreased. d. Prison populations have finally started to decrease.
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Answer: A The discretionary power of judges has decreased
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In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that the Federal Guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial because a. defendants had not initially been given a fair jury trial. b. judges were asked to consider facts not originally presented to a jury. c. juries had been given too much power. d. juries had not been selected fairly in the first place.
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Answer: B Judges were asked to consider facts not originally presented to a jury
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Which of the following landmark cases found that statutes permitting a jury to demand the death penalty are unconstitutional? a. Mapp v. Ohio (1960) b. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) c. Johnson v. Avery (1969) d. Forman v. Georgia (1972)
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Answer: D Forman v. Georgia (1972)
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The order of court involvement for an appeal is best described as follows: a. court of appeals, court of last resort, U.S. Supreme Court, trial court. b. court of last resort, U.S. Supreme Court, trial court, court of appeals. c. trial court, court of appeals, court of last resort, U.S. Supreme Court. d. U.S. Supreme Court, trial court, court of appeals, court of last resort.
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Answer: C Trial court, court of appeals, court of last resort, U.S. Supreme Court
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Which of the following occurred as a result of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)? a. There was a surge in 14th Amendment filings. b. There was a surge in appeals. c. "Jailhouse lawyers" became the norm. d. The Miranda rights were activated.
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Answer: B There was a surge in appeals
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Which of the following statements is true about the effect of "deterrence by sentencing" on the crime rate in the United States and Canada? a. Rates of crime seem to remain unaffected by deterrence by sentencing in both countries. b. Rates of crime vary greatly between countries and it is impossible to compare the two. c. Rates of crime decreased with increased imprisonment, as expected. d. Rates of crime in both countries actually increased with increased imprisonment.
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Answer: D Rates of crime in both countries actually increased with increased imprisonment
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Which of the following occurred as a result of Johnson v. Avery (1969)? a. There was a surge in 14th Amendment filings. b. There was a surge in appeals. c. "Jailhouse lawyers" became the norm. d. The Miranda rights were activated.
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Answer: C "Jailhouse lawyers" became the norm
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The primary goal of an appellate court is to a. questions the facts of the trial. b. find trial errors. c. reexamine the evidence. d. retry the defendant.
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Answer: B Find trial errors
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Prisoners who petition that their civil rights have been violated most frequently cite all of the following concerns except a. due process. b. inadequate medical treatment. c. physical security. d. ineffective assistance of counsel.
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Answer: D Ineffective assistance of counsel
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A presentence report does not follow an offender past his or her sentencing. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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An appellate court cannot reverse the factual finding of the trial court unless a. the findings were erroneous. b. a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court is made. c. the court of last resort weighs in. d. the case has been remanded.
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Answer: A The findings were erroneous
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A judicial order requiring conformity to a court's decision is called a. the writ of habeas corpus. b. the writ of mandamus. c. civil rights. d. a violation of due process.
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Answer: B The writ of mandamus
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Due process has been a constitutional right since the passage of the a. 12th Amendment. b. 13th Amendment. c. 14th Amendment. d. 15th Amendment.
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Answer: C 14th Amendment
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The idea that the government must prove that a person's imprisonment conforms to the law or that that person must be released is a concept better known as a. the writ of habeas corpus. b. the writ of mandamus. c. civil rights. d. a violation of due process.
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Answer: A The writ of habeas corpus
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One of the most complicated tasks that judges can face is having to make hard sentencing decisions. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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Offenders who are in custody and under supervision in prison are typically offenders who have committed misdemeanors. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Administrative sentencing is comparable to determinate sentencing. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Three-strikes legislation has proven successful. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Federal judges are the biggest advocates of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Sentencing does not take into account prison populations and state resources. a. True b. False
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Answer: False
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Ideas regarding reform can be contradictory. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
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The goal of deterrence by sentencing is crime reduction. a. True b. False
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Answer: True
question
Due to a discriminating selection process, it can actually be more difficult for an offender to be sent to a high-profile prison such as San Quentin than it can be for a high school senior to be accepted into an Ivy League college. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: True
question
The rate of appeals today is extremely high. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: True
question
The U.S. Supreme Court is the only court that can hear due process cases. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: False
question
Due process is usually a quick, clear-cut procedure. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: False
question
Deterrence by sentencing has not proven entirely successful. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: True
question
Collateral attacks are rare in most state courts but common in federal courts. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: False
question
The highest level of appellate court in any state is a supreme court. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: True
question
The main task for an appellate court is to review cases for error. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: True
question
One result of the 1996 Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) is that inmates cannot file "in forma pauperis" if they have had prior petitions upheld. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: False
question
Each state has an appellate tribunal that serves as the court of last resort. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: True
question
The writ of mandamus is common at the federal level. a. True b. False
answer
Answer: False
