CIS Chapter 11 Key Terms – Flashcards
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Alphabetic Check
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In a database, confirms that only textual characters are entered in a field
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Artificial Intelligence
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Branch of computer science that deals with the attempt to create computers that think like humans
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Batch Processing
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The accumulation of transaction data until a certain point is reached, at which time several transactions are processed at once
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Binary Large Object (BLOB)
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Same as "Unstructured Data" see below
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Business Intelligence Systems
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Systems used to analyze and interpret data in order to enable managers to make informed decisions about how best to run a business
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Clickstream Data
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Software used on company websites to capture info about each click that user make as they navigate through the site
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Completeness Check
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In a database, ensures that all required fields have been completed
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Consistency Check
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In a database, compares the values of data in two or more fields to see if those values are reasonable
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Database
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Digital collection of related data that can be stored, sorted, organized, and queried
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Database Administrator (database designer)
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An information technology professional responsible for designing, constructing, and maintaining databases
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Database Management System (DBMS)
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A specially designed application software used to create and mage databases
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Data Dictionary (database schema)
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A map of a database that defines the features of the fields in the database
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Data Inconsistency
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Data for a record being different in two different lists
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Data Integrity
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When the data in a database is accurate and reliable
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Data Mart
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Small slices of data warehouse grouped together and separated from the main body of data in the data warehouse so that related sets of data can be analyzed
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Data Mining
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The process by which great amounts of data are analyzed and investigated. Objective is to spot significant patterns or trends within the data that would otherwise not be obvious
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Data Redundancy
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Duplicated data in a list
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Data Staging
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The act of formatting data from source databases before fitting it into a data warehouse. It consists of three steps: extraction, transformation, and storage
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Data Type (field type)
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1) Describes the kind of data being stored at the memory location; each programming language has its own data types 2) In a database, indicates what type of data can be stored in a field and prevents the wrong type of data from being entered into the field
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Data Warehouse
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A large-scale collection of data that contains and organizes in one place all the data from an organization's multiple databases
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Decision Support System (DSS)
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Type of business intelligence system designed to help managers develop solutions for specific problems
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Default Value
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Value a database automatically uses for a field unless the user enters another value
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Detail Report
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Report generated by a management info system that provides a list of the transactions that occurred during a certain time period
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System
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Business intelligence system that accumulates in a central location all information relevant to running a business and makes it readily available to whoever needs it to make decisions
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Exception Report
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Report generated by management information system that shows conditions that are unusual or that need attention by system users
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Expert System
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System that tries to replicate the decision-making processes of human experts in order to solve specific problems
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Field
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The component of a database in which the database stores each category of information
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Field Constraint
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Property that must be satisfied for an entry to be accepted into the field
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Field Properties
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In an Access database table, the field name, data type, and other data elements
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Field Size
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Defines the maximum number of characters that a field can hold in a database
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Filter
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In a database, temporarily displays records that match certain criteria
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Foreign Key
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In a relational database, the common field between tables that's not the primary key
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Fuzzy Logic
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Enables the interjection of experiential learning into knowledge-based systems by allowing the consideration of probabilities
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Information System
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System that includes data, people, procedures, hardware, and software that help in planning and decision making; a software-based solution used to gather and analyze information
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Input Form
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Used to control how new data is entered into a shared database
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Join Query
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A query used to extract data that's in two or more tables in a database
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Knowledge-Based System
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Business intelligence system that provides intelligence that supplements the user's own intellect and makes the decision support system more effective
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Management Information System (MIS)
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Type of business intelligence system that provides timely and accurate information that enables managers to make critical business decisions
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Many-to-Many Relationship
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In a relational database, records in one table are related to multiple records in a second table, and vice versa
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Metadata
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Data that describes other data
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Model Management System
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Software that assists in building management models in decision support systems; an analysis tool that, through the use of internal and external data, provides a view of a particular business situation for the purposes of decision-making
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Multidimensional Database
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Database that stores data from different perspectives, called dimensions, and organizes data in a cube format
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) System
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Knowledge-based business intelligence system that enables users to communicate with computer systems using a natural spoken or written language instead of a computer programming language
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Normalization
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Process to ensure data is organized most efficiently in a database
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Numeric Check
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In a database, confirms that only numbers are entered in a field
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Object-Oriented Database
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Database that stores data in objects rather than in tables
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Object Query Language (OQL)
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A query language used by many object-oriented databases
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Office Support System (OSS)
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A system designed to improve communications and assist employees in accomplishing their daily tasks
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One-to-Many Relationship
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In a relational database, a record appears only once in one table while having the capability of appearing many times in a related table
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One-to-One Relationship
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In a relational database, for each record in a table there's only one corresponding record in a related table
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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
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Software that provides standardized tools for viewing and manipulating data in a data warehouse
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Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
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The real-time processing of database transactions online
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Primary Key Field
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In a database, a field that has a value unique to a record
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Query
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In a database, a way of retrieving information that defines a particular subset of data; can be used to extract data from one or more tables
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Query Language
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A specially designed computer language used to manipulate data in or extract from a database
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Range Check
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Ensures that the data entered into the field of a database falls within a certain range of values
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Real-Time Processing
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The processing of database transactions in which the database is updated while the transaction is taking place
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Record
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Group of related fields in a database
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Referential Integrity
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In a relational database, a condition where, for each value in the foreign key table, there's a corresponding value in the primary key table
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Relational Algebra
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Use of English-like expressions that have variables and operations, much like algebraic equations, to extract data from databases using Structured Query Language
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Relational Database
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Database type that organizes data into related tables based on logical groupings
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Relationship
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In a relational database, a link between tables that defines how the data is related
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Select Query
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In Structured Query Language, displays a subset of data from a table (or tables) based on the criteria specified
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Structured (analytical) Data
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Data such as "Bill" or "345" as opposed to unstructured data (see below)
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Structured Query Language (SQL)
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Database programming language used to construct queries to extract data from relational databases; one example of a fourth-generation language
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Summary Report
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Report generated by a management information system that provides a consolidated picture of detailed data; these reports usually include some calculation or visual displays of information
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Table (file)
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Group of related records in a database
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Time-Variant Data
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Data that doesn't pertain to one period in time
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Transaction-Processing System (TPS)
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Type of business intelligence system for keeping track of everyday business activities
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Unstructured Data
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Audio clips, video clips, pictures, and extremely large documents. Also called binary large object (BLOB) (see above)
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Validation
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The process of ensuring that data entered into a field of a database meets specified guidelines
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Validation Rule
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In a database, generally defined as part of the data dictionary and specified in the filed properties for each field; violations result in an error message and a suggested action
