CIS 429 Cpht 7-11 – Flashcards
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Database
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Maintains information about various types of objects
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Database Management System (DBMS)
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Crates, reads, updates, deletes data while controlling access and security
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Query by Example Tool (QBE)
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Helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database
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Structured Query Language (SQL)
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Asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database
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Data Element (Field)
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Smallest or basic unit of information EX: name, address, email, discount rate.
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Data Models
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Logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures
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Metadata
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Provides details about data Ex: size, resolution, date created
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Data Disctionary
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Compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data modle
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DBMS use 3 primary data models for organizing information
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1. Hierarchical, network, and relational database
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Relational database model
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Stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables
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Relational database management systems
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allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database
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Entity
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Stores information about a person. place, thing, transaction, or event (table)
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Attributes (Columns or fields)
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The data elements associated with an entity
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Record
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A collection of related data elements; occupies one row in its respective table
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Which of the following is correct in reference to a database? 1. A database can support many logical views. 2. A database can support many physical views. 3. A database can support up to three logical views. 4. A database can support only one logical view.
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1. A database can support many logical views
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Which of the following is incorrect in reference to a database? 1. Can be relational or network. 2. Information is accessed by physical structure. 3. Information is accessed by logical structure. 4. Users can access different views of information.
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1. Information is accessed by physical structure.
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What are characteristics or properties of an entity called? 1. Fields 2. Attributes 3. Columns 4. All of These
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4. All of theses
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Primary Key
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a field or group of fields that uniquely identifies a given record in a table
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Foreign Key
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a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables
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Physical view of information
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Deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device.
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Logical view of information
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focuses on how individual users logically access information to meet their own particular business needs
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Information redundancy
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The duplication of data, or storage of the same data in multiple places
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What is information redundancy? 1. Storing the same information in multiple places. 2. Storing duplicate information in multiple places. 3. Duplication of information. 4. All of these
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4. All of these
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Information Integrity
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A measure of the quality of information
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Integrity constraints
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Rules that help ensure the quality of information
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Two types of integrity constraints:
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1. Relational 2. Business Critical
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Relational Integrity Constraints
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Rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints Ex: cannot create an order for a non existing customer, provide negative markup percentages, order zero pounds of supplies
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Business Rule
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defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer Ex: Returns are allowed within 10 days
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Business Critical Integrity Constraints
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Enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints Ex: No returns after 15 days on produce (because of spoilage issues) Mirrors the rules by which an organization achieves success
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Content creator
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Person responsible for creating the original website content
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Content editor
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Person responsible for updating and maintaining website content
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Static Information
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Fixed data incapable of change based on user actions Ex: Information will not change until the content editor changes the information
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Dynamic Information
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Data that change bases on user actions Ex: movie ticket availability, airline prices, restaurant reservations
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Dynamic Catalogue
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Area of a website that stores information about products in a database for dynamic information can be accessed
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Data Driven Website
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An interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers using a database Limits the amount of information displayed based on unique search requirements
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Advantages of using web to access company databases:
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1. Web browsers are easier to use than directly accessing the database using query tools 2. The web interface requires few or no changes to the database model 3. It costs less to add a web interface in front a a DBMS than to redesign and rebuild the system to support changes. 4. Easy to manage content 5. Easy to store and organize large amounts of data. 6. Easy to eliminate human errors.
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Integration
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allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
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Two integration methods:
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1. Forward 2. Backward
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Forward Integration
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Takes information entered and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes Most companies only build forward integration systems
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Backward Integration
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Sends information automatically to all upstream systems and processes
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Advantages of Relational Databases
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1. Increased Flexibility 2. Increased Scalability and Performance 3. Reduced Information Redundancy 4. Increased Information Integrity 5. Increased Information Security
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What is the primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables?
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Foreign Key
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A _____ database management system allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database
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Relational
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What is a field that uniquely identifies a given record in a table? A. Primary Key B. Foreign Key C. Structured Query Language D. Data Dictionary
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A. Primary Key
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Select the three items that represent data elements associated with an entity. Attributes Records Entities Fields Columns Keys Tables
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Attributes Fields Columns
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_______ integrity constraints are rules that enforce basic and fundamental information based constraints Business-Critical Relational
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Relational
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What compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model? Data Models Data Dictionary Data Warehouse Data governance
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Data Dictionary
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3 advantages of data driven website:
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1. Easy to store large amounts of data 2. Easy to eliminate human errors 3. Easy to manage content
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Why does a database offer increased information security?
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Various security features of databases ensure that people have only certain types of access to certain types of information
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Select the statement that accurately reflects a database: 1. A database has only one physical view and one logical view 2. A database has only one physical view, but supports multiple logical views 3. A database has only one logical view, but supports multiple physical views
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2. A database has only one physical view, but supports multiple logical views
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Data Warehouse
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Logical collection of information gathered from many different operational databases that supports business analysis activities and decision making tasks
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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL)
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Process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse
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Data Mart
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Contains a subset of data warehouse information (have focused information subsets particular to the needs of a business unit)
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Cube
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Representation of multi-dimensional information
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Dimension
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A particular attribute of information
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Multi-dimensional Databases
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Contains information in layers of columns and rows, rather than in a two dimensional table like in relational databases
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Data Mining
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Process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by raw data alone
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Data Mining Tools
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Use a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information and infer rules from them that predict future behavior and guide decision making
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Information cleansing (scrubbing)
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Process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information
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Informing
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Accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems
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Infographics
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Displays information graphically so it can be easily understood
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Data Visualization
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Describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective
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Data visualization tools
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Move beyond Excel graphs and charts into sophisticated analysis techniques such as pie charts, controls, instruments, maps, and time-series graphs
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Business Intelligence Dashboards
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Track corporate metrics such as critical success factors and key performance indicators and include advanced capabilities such as interactive controls allowing users to manipulate data for analysis
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What is information that people use to support their decision-making efforts? Business intelligence Information cleansing and scrubbing Data-mining tools Data mining
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Business intelligence
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What is data mining? 1. Uses a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information and infer rules from them that predict future behavior and guide decision making. 2 .The common term for the representation of multidimensional information. 3. Process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone. 4. A particular attribute of information.
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3. Process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone.
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A dimension is a particular attribute of information. Each layer in a data warehouse or data mart represents information according to an additional dimension. What is the common term for the representation of multidimensional information? All of these Table Block Cube
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Cube
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What types of BI decisions include predicting sales, determining correct inventory levels, and distribution schedules among outlets, and loss prevention? Insurance BI decisions Banking BI decisions Retail and sales BI decisions Operations management BI decisions
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Retail and sales BI decisions
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A data warehouse is a _________ collection of information - gathered from many different ___________ databases - that supports business-analysis activities and decision-making tasks. physical; transactional logical; transactional physical; operational logical; operational
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logical; operational
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Ebusiness
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Conducting of business on the internet including buying, selling, serving customers, and collaborating with business partners
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Operational level
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Employees develop, control and maintain core business activities required to run the day to day operations
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Structured decisions
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Established processes offer potential solutions at the operational level
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Managerial level
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Employees are continuously evaluating company operations to home the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change
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Semistructured decisions
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Few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision
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Strategic level
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Managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan, monitor strategic performance and its direction in the political, economic, and competitive business environment Highly unstructured decisions
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Unstructured Decisions
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No procedures or rules exist to guide decision makes toward the correct choice
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Model
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Simplified representation or abstraction of reality: used to help calculate risks, understand uncertainty, change variables, and manipulate time to make decisions
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Online transaction processing (OLTP)
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Capture of transaction and even information using technology to process the information according to defined business rules, store it, and update existing information to reflect the new information
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Transaction processing system (TPS)
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basic business system that serves the operation level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions
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Source documents
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Original transaction records
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Online analytical Processing (OAP)
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Manipulation of information to create BI in support of strategic decsion making
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
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Model information using OLAP which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action: allow managers to examine large amounts of data
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What -if Analysis
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Checks the impact of a change in variable
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Sensitivity Analysis
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Special case of what-if; The study of the impact on other variables when one variable is changed repeatedly
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Goal Seeking Analysis
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Finds inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output
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Optimization analysis
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Extension of goal seeking; Finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables
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Executive Information Systems
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Specialized DSS that supports long-term, unstructured, non routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight; requires information from external sources
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Granularity
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level of detail in the model or fineness of data
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Digital Dashboard
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Tracks key performance indicators (KPI) and critical success factors (CSF) by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs
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Consolodation
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Aggregation of data from simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information
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Drill Down
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Enables users to view details and details of details of information; reverse of consolodation
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Slice and dice
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Ability to look at information from different perspectives
