Austin Blair Business English Voc – Flashcards
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noun
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A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun.
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verb
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b?ng mi?ng
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adjective
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An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
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adverb
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An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
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prepostition
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a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform
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action verb
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An action verb is a verb that expresses physical or mental action. The action verb tells us what the subject of our clause or sentence is doing-physically or mentally.
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article
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An article (abbreviated ART) is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.
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business English
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Business English is English language especially related to international trade. It is a part of English for Specific Purposes and can be considered a specialism within English language learning and teaching; for example, the teachers' organisation IATEFL has a special interest group called BESIG.
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common noun
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a noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual.
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conjunction
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the action or an instance of two or more events or things occurring at the same point in time or space.
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coordinating
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A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical structure.
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conjunction
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the action or an instance of two or more events or things occurring at the same point in time or space.
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monn
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substantive
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interjection
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An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence
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linking verb
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A linking verb links (or connects) the subject of the sentence with a noun, pronoun, or adjective in the predicate of the sentence.
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object of a
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Prepositions don't stand alone. They work in groups of words that we call prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends in a noun. That noun is called the object of the preposition.
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preposition
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A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
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pronoun
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attached to the end of the participle with an accent
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proper noun
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a name used for an individual person, place, or organization, spelled with initial
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abridged dictionary
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shorten (a book, movie, speech, or other text) without losing the sense.
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accent
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Emphasize the note (v.) - to emphasize, to highlight
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antonyms
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a word opposite in meaning to another (e.g., bad and good ).
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archaic
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750BC-480BC
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CD-ROM dictionary
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a compact disc used as a read-only optical memory device for a computer system.
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college-level dictionary
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The College Level Examination Program (CLEP) is a group of standardized tests created and administered by College Board. These tests assess college-level knowledge in thirty-six subject areas and provide a mechanism for earning college credits without taking college
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colloquial
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using informal languag
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copyright date
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What information is included in a footer?
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desk dictionary
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a one-volume dictionary of medium size.
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diacritical marks
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Diacritic is primarily an adjective, though sometimes used as a noun, whereas diacritical is only ever an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute ( ´ ) and grave ( ` ), are often called accents.
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dialect
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a version of a language that reflects changes in speech patterns due to class, region, or cultural changes
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dictionary
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diccionario
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electronic dictionary
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Electronic translators for more than 40 languages from manufacturer
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etymology
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The study of word origins and the history of words - especially how words can be traced back to a root, i.e., an earlier source word
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guide words
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The definition of a guide word is a word printed at the top of a page indicating the first or last word entry on that page. An example of guide word is the word "hesitate" printed on a page in a dictionary with the word "hesitate" listed as the first word on the page.
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handheld electronic
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Handheld electronic dictionaries, also known as "pocket electronic dictionaries" or PEDs, resemble ...
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Handheld
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Producer of handheld eBook readers and publisher of eBooks. Includes online ordering,
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informal
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having a relaxed, friendly, or unofficial style, manner, or nature.
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introduction
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by Sir Albert Howard
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lexicographers
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a person who compiles dictionaries.
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nonstandard
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not average, normal, or usual.
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obsolete
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No longer active or in use; out of date
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online dictionary
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The world's most popular dictionary and thesaurus with definitions, synonyms,
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pocket dictionary
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When you find something you want to view later, put it in Pocket.
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reference manual
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The reference manual is the official definition of the La language. For a complete introduction to Lu programming, see the book Programming in Luna. start · contents · index · other versions.
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slang
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. a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people.
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spell checker
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Checks texts in English, Spanish, French, German and Italian, also includes a medical spell checker, word counter and character counter.
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substandard
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below the usual or required standard.
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syllabication
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Definition of syllabication. : the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables.
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synonyms
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Nonplussed
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thesaurus
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(of a word, syllable, or line) have or end with a sound that corresponds to another. "balloon rhymes with moon"
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unabridged dictionary
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Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828) ... with no spaces or accented characters and press the "Search" button to query Webster's Dictionary.
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usage labels
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USAGE LABELS. Three types of status labels are used in this dictionary -- temporal, regional, and stylistic -- to signal that a word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English.
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auxiliary verb
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a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs.
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clause
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a group of words containing a subject and a predicate.
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comma splice
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A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses. For example: It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.
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command
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an order given to a person or an animal
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complement
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to fill completely
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complete predicate
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The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about. the subject. The complete predicate consists of a verb and all the words that modify the verb and complete.
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complete subject
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Definition of a Complete Subject. A complete subject is more than just one noun. It contains the simple subject - the noun that the whole sentence is about - but it also includes all of the words that modify that noun. Most often, the complete subject is the entire first part of a sentence.May 11, 2015
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complex sentence
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is a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
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compound sentence
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is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses combined by one or more coordinating conjunctions or a semicolon
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compound-complex sentence
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sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
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dependent clause
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is a group of words that cannot stand alone.
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direct object
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lo/la las/los lo/la las/los
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direct question
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a question asked in direct speech, such as Why did you come? Compare indirect question
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end punctuation
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the practice or system of using certain conventional marks or characters in writing or printing in order to separate elements and make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or separating clauses. 2. the act of punctuating. 3. punctuation marks.
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exclamation
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a sudden cry or remark, especially expressing surprise, anger, or pain.
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independent clause
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An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.Apr 17, 2010
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indirect object
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a noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb (typically as a recipient), but is not the primary object (e.g., him in give him the book ).
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inverted sentence
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An inverted sentence is a sentence in a normally subject-first language in which the predicate (verb) comes before the subject (noun).
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modifier
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a person or thing that makes partial or minor changes to something.
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phrase
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A phrase is a group of related words, acting as a single part of speech, that does not have both a subject and a verb.
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principal verb
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The principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle.
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run-on sentence
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A run-on is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction.
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sentence
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His sentence was pronounced
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sentence fragment
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Definition of a Sentence Fragment. Sentence fragments are groups of words that look like sentences, but aren't. To be a sentence, groups of words need to have at least one independent clause. An independent clause is any group of words that contain both a subject and a verb and can stand on its own.May 27, 2015
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simple predicate
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The simple predicate is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does. example: My father fixed the dryer. Read each sentence. Draw a line under the complete predicate.
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simple sentence
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is a sentence consisting of an independent clause with a single or compound (more than one) subject and predicate
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simple subject
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A simple subject is the most basic unit of sentence construction. It is the focus of the sentence. In this lesson, we will look at the definition of a simple subject and better understand its role in sentence construction.May 11, 2015
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statement
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information about an account mailed each month
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verb phrase
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the part of a sentence containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.
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clause
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a group of words containing a subject and a predicate.
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comma splice
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A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses. For example: It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark. Although acceptable in some languages and compulsory in others (e.g., Bulgarian or French), comma splices are usually considered style errors in English.
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command
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What modifier key(s) can be used in addition to the +/- keys to trim a clip's end point by the nudge value?
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complement
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in immunology, serum protein components that act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway
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complete predicate
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The simple predicate of a sentence is the predicate verb without modifiers. The complete predicate of a sentence is the predicate verb with all its modifiers. Point out the simple and the complete subject, and the simple and the complete predicate in each of the following sentences: 1.
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complete subject
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A complete subject is more than just one noun. It contains the simple subject - the noun that the whole sentence is about - but it also includes all of the words that modify that noun. Most often, the complete subject is the entire first part of a sentence.May 11, 2015
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complex sentence
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is a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
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compound sentence
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Compound sentences and the Semi-Colon ( ;
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compound-complex
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sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
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dependent clause
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is a group of words that cannot stand alone.
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direct object
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lo/la las/los
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direct question
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a question asked in direct speech, such as Why did you come? Compare indirect question.
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end punctuation
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the practice or system of using certain conventional marks or characters in writing or printing in order to separate elements and make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or separating clauses. 2. the act of punctuating. 3. punctuation marks.
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exclamation
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a sudden cry or remark, especially expressing surprise, anger, or pain.
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helping verb
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Helping verbs are verbs that, as their name suggests, help the main verb in a sentence by extending the meaning of the verb. They add detail to how time is conveyed in a sentence. As a result, helping verbs are used to create the most complicated verb tenses in English: the progressive and the perfect aspects.
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indirect object
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An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object
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independent clause
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is a group of related words that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
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inverted sentence
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An inverted sentence is a sentence in a normally subject-first language in which the predicate (verb) comes before the subject (noun).
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modifier
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a person or thing that makes partial or minor changes to something.
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phrase
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A phrase is a group of related words, acting as a single part of speech, that does not have both a subject and a verb.
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phrase
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A phrase is a group of related words, acting as a single part of speech, that does not have both a subject and a verb.
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principal verb
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The principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle.
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sentence
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word
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run-on sentence
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A run-on is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction.
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sentence fragment
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Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence.
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simple predicate
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The simple predicate is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does. example: My father fixed the dryer. Read each sentence. Draw a line under the complete predicate.
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simple sentence
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is a sentence consisting of an independent clause with a single or compound (more than one) subject and predicate
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simple subject
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The simple subject is the main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about. The complete subject consists of all the words that tell whom or what a sentence is about.
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statement
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information about an account mailed each month
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verb phrase
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In linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactic unit composed of at least one verb and its dependents—objects, complements and other modifiers—but not always including the subject.
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abstract noun
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A noun that names a quality, feeling, or concept that is difficult to visualize.
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common noun
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A noun that names a generalized person, place, or thing and is not capitalized.
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compound word/phrase
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A word or phrase that is formed by combining words into single expressions; may be written as a single word, may be hyphenated, or may appear as two words
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concrete noun
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A noun that names a specific object that you can see, hear, feel, taste, or smell.
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irregular noun
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A noun that forms its plural by changing the spelling of the word.
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plural noun
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A noun that names two or more persons, places, or things.
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proper noun
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A noun that names a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized.
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regular noun
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A noun that forms its plural with the addition of s or es
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singular noun
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A noun that names one person, place, or thing.
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surname
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A person's last name.
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combined ownership
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When two nouns own an item jointly or together.
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incomplete possessive
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Occurs when the second noun in a possessive noun construction is unstated.
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popular style
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A style used to make a last name possessive by adding only an apostrophe if the last name ends in an s or an s sound
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possession
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Torrens title is proof of ownership while TITLE is the exercise of the attribute of ownership
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possessive noun
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A noun that shows ownership (Lindsay's degree), origin (Hawaii's volcanoes
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separate ownership
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When two nouns own items individually.
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traditional style
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A style used to make a last name possessive by adding an apostrophe and s, even if the last name ends in an s
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combined ownership
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When two nouns own an item jointly or together.
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incomplete possessive
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Occurs when the second noun in a possessive noun construction is unstated.
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popular style
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A style used to make a last name possessive by adding only an apostrophe if the last name ends in an s or an s sound
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possession
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Occurs when one noun or pronoun possesses another.
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possessive noun
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A noun that shows ownership (Lindsay's degree), origin (Hawaii's volcanoes), authorship (Robert Frost's poetry), or measurement (one month's rent).
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separate ownership
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When two nouns own items individually.
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traditional style
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A style used to make a last name possessive by adding an apostrophe and s, even if the last name ends in an s or an s sound
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antecedent
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a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another
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appositive
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a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it
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case
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Which of the following kinds of products are software tools designed to support one or more activities of the system development cycle?
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comparative
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Branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species
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comparison
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A market research method in which retailers shop at competitive stores, comparing th
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contraction
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Pharmaceuticals, food, and other necessities would be good performers during the ____ stage of the business cycle
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demonstrative pronoun
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A pronoun such as this, that, these, or those that designates a specific person or thing.
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direct object
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A noun or pronoun that answers the question What? or Whom?.
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gender
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Indicates the sex of the person speaking, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of.
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indefinite pronoun
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A pronoun such as anyone, everyone, or somebody that replaces a noun.
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indirect object
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A noun or pronoun that answers the question To whom?.
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infinitive
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The present-tense form of a verb preceded by to.
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interrogative pronoun
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A pronoun such as who, whose, or which that replaces a noun in a question.
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linking verb
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A linking verb links (or connects) the subject of the sentence with a noun, pronoun, or adjective in the predicate of the sentence.
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number
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Growth of many-celled organisms is mostly due to an increase in the _______ of cells.
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object of a preposition
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A noun or pronoun that follows a preposition in a prepositional phrase.
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objective-case pronoun
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A pronoun used as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
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person
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Indicates who is speaking; includes first person, second person, and third person.
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personal pronoun
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A pronoun that indicates the person speaking, the person being spoken to, or the person or object spoken of.
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possessive pronoun
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A pronoun that shows ownership such as her.
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pronoun
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A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or nouns. It serves the same function as the noun it replaces.
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reciprocal pronoun
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A pronoun such as each other or one another that indicates a mutual relationship.
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reflexive pronoun
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A pronoun that ends in -self or -selves and emphasizes or reflects on its antecedent.
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relative pronoun
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A pronoun such as who, whom, whose, that, or which that joins a subordinate clause to an antecedent.
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subject complement
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A noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes the subject.
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subjective-case pronoun
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A pronoun used primarily as the subject of a verb.
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antecedent
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Definition: Someone or something that went before; something that provides a model for something that came after i
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collective noun
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A noun such as jury, faculty, or committee that refers to a collection of people, animals, or objects.
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common gender
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Using masculine pronouns to refer to nouns that might be either masculine or feminine; considered sexist or gender biased.
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gender
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Difference in voting patterns between men and women.
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gender biased
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Showing preference for one gender or sex over another
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indefinite pronoun
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A pronoun such as anyone, everybody, or something
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action verb
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action verb
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active voice
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Occurs when the verb expresses an action directed by the subject toward the object of the verb.
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complement
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in immunology, serum protein components that act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway
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direct object
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lo/la las/los
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gerund
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A verb form ending in ing and used as a noun; often describes an activity.
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helping verb
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A verb that combines with a main verb to convey information about tense, mood, or voice; also called an "auxiliary verb".
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imperative mood
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A verb mood to express a command.
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indicative mood
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A verb mood to express a fact.
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infinitive
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The most basic verb form, which occurs when the present-tense form of a verb is preceded by to
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intransitive verb
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An action verb that does not require an object to complete its action.
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introductory verbal
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A phrase that contains a verb form that appears at the phrase beginning of a sentence.
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linking verb
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A verb that expresses a state of being and that generally links the subject to a word that describes or renames it.
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participle
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A verb form that is used with helping verbs to form the present-participle and the past-participle tenses.
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passive voice
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Occurs when the action in a verb is directed toward the subject.
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subjunctive mood
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A verb mood to express a doubt, a conjecture, or a suggestion.
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transitive verb
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A verb expressing an action directed toward a person or thing; requires an object (a noun or pronoun) to complete its meaning.
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verb
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A word that energizes a sentence by telling what is happening, what happened, or what will happen.
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verbal
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A verb that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
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voice of business
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The active voice, which writers of business and professional communications should strive to use most of the time.
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voice of tact
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The passive voice, which can be used to avoid mentioning the performer of the action or when indirectness is desired.
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future perfect tense
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A verb tense that describes actions that will take place before other future actions.
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future progressive tense
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A verb tense that describes ongoing actions that will take place in the future.
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future tense
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Verbs that show actions that are expected to occur at a later time.
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inflection
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Occurs when English verbs change form to indicate number, person, voice, and tense.
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irregular verb
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A verb that forms the past tense by varying the root vowel and, commonly, adding en to the past participle.
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past participle
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The tense formed when a d or t sound is added to the present tense of a verb.
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past perfect tense
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A verb tense that describes past actions that took place before other past actions.
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past progressive tense
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A verb tense that describes ongoing actions that occurred in the past, usually as another action was taking place.
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past tense
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Verbs that show an action has been completed.
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perfect tense
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A verb tense used to show actions that are already completed or perfected.
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present participle
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The tense formed when ing is added to the present tense of a verb.
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present perfect tense
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A verb tense that describes actions that began in the past and have continued to the present.
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present progressive tense
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A verb tense that describes ongoing actions that are happening presently.
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present tense
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Verbs that express current or habitual actions.
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primary tenses
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Tenses used to indicate the present, the past, and the future; also called "simple tenses".
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progressive tense
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A verb tense used to show continuous or repeated actions.
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simple tenses
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Tenses used to indicate the present, the past, and the future; also called "primary tenses".
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collective noun
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A noun such as council, staff, or flock that refers to a collection of people, animals, or objects.
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indefinite pronoun
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A pronoun such as everyone, both, or some that refers to no specific person or object.
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relative pronoun clause
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A clause that contains the relative pronoun who or that
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subject complement
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A noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes the subject.
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adjective
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An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
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idiom
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A common usage phrase that has a different intended meaning than its literal on
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object of a preposition
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A noun or pronoun that follows a preposition in a prepositional phrase.
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preposition
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A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
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prepositional phrase
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A phrase consisting of a preposition followed by the object of the preposition, which is a noun or pronoun.
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complex sentence
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is a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
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compound sentence
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is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses combined by one or more coordinating conjunctions or a semicolon
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compound-complex
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sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
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conjunction
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A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.
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conjunctive adverb
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A conjunction such as therefore, then, or however that is used to connect equal sentence elements; also called a "transitional expression" or "transitional conjunction" because it often consists of more than one word
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coordinating conjunction
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A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical structure.
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correlative conjunction
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A correlative conjunction, like a coordinating conjunction, joins words, phrases, or clauses, but they always come in pairs.
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dependent clause
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is a group of words that cannot stand alone.
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essential clause
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A clause that is needed in order to identify the noun to which it refers; also called a "restrictive clause".
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independent clause
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is a group of related words that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
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introductory dependent
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A dependent clause that precedes an independent clause
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nonrestrictive clause
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A clause that contains information that the reader does not need to know in order to understand the main clause; also called a "nonrestrictive clause".
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parenthetical adverb
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A conjunctive adverb such as however, therefore, or consequently that is used to effect transition from one thought to another.
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parenthetical clause
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A clause that adds additional information to a sentence.
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relative pronoun
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A pronoun such as who, whom, whose, or which that functions as a conjunction when it introduces a dependent clause.
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restrictive clause
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A clause that is needed in order to identify the noun to which it refers; also called an "essential clause".
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dependent clause.
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is a group of words that cannot stand alone.
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simple sentence
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A sentence that has one independent clause.
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subordinating conjunction
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A conjunction such as because, although, or if that is used to join unequal sentence elements.
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terminal dependent clause
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A dependent clause that falls at the end of a sentence.
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transitional conjunction
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A conjunction, often consisting of more than one word, that is used to connect equal sentence elements; also called a "conjunctive adverb".
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transitional expression
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A conjunction, often consisting of more than one word, that is used to connect equal sentence elements; also called a "conjunctive adverb".
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appositive
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a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it
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comma
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an order given to a person or an animal
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contrasting statement
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A statement that contains a contrasting or opposing expression.
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direct address
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Occurs when a person is being spoken to or addressed directly, rather than being spoken about.
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independent adjectives
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Two or more adjectives that equally modify a noun.
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introductory clause
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A dependent clause that precedes an independent clause.
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introductory verbal phrase
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A verbal phrase that precedes the main clause in a sentence.
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nonessential clause
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A clause that is used parenthetically or that supplies information unneeded for the grammatical completeness of a sentence.
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parenthetical expression
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An unessential word, phrase, or clause used to create a transition between thoughts, thereby interrupting the flow of a sentence.
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serial comma
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The comma that appears before the final conjunction in a series.
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series
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A circuit that has only one path for electric current to flow is called ____.
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terminal dependent clause
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A dependent clause at the end of a sentence.