The Endocrine System: Essay Outlines – Flashcards

1. Insulin- stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen. Lowers blood glucose levels found in: All tissues made in: pancreas 2. Glucagon- stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose. Raises blood glucose levels found in: Fatty tissues/ Liver made in: pancreas 1. Calcitonin- Lower blood calcium level. Released when blood calcium gets too high. Suppress osteoclasts from releasing calcium to be lost in urine found in:Bone and Kidneys made in: thyroid 2. Parathyroid- Raise blood calcium level. released when blood calcium gets too low. activate osteoclasts to cut bone and release calcium. Kidneys keep calcium in body. found in: Bone and kidneys made in: parathyroid

1.Prolactin: gland: anterior pituitary target tissue: mammary glands effects: stimulates milk production 2. Oxytocin: gland: posterior pituitary target tissue: smooth muscle effects: causes smooth muscle contractions. stimulates uterine contractions, onset of labor (petocin), digestion, and the letting down of milk to the breasts 3. FSH: gland: anterior pituitary target tissue: ovaries and testis effects:regulates development of male/ female gametes 4. LH: gland: anterior pituitary target tissue: ovaries and testis effects: stimulates release of egg from ovary; stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

The brain controls the Endocrine system through the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. The hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary releases hormones such as HGH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, ACTH. The posterior pituitary releases ADH and Oxytocin. HGH stimulates cell growth and division and targets all tissues. LH stimulates release of egg and production of testosterone and estrogen and targets the testes and ovaries. FSH regulate the development of female and male gametes and targets the testes and ovaries. Prolactin stimulates milk production and targets mammary glands. ACTH stimulates the production of steroids and targets the adrenal glands. ADH stimulates absorption of water in the kidneys and targets the kidneys and blood vessels. Oxytocin causes smooth muscle contraction and targets smooth muscle.

1. Diabetes Insipidus Cause: Hypo secretion of ADH Symptoms: Frequent urination, dehydration, thirst (injury to pituitary gland) 2. Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1- Juvenile) Cause: Inhibits conversion of glucose to glycogen. Symptoms: Immune system attacks cells that synthesize insulin. Treatment: Insulin shots. (Auto Immune Disease) 3. Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2- Adults) Cause: Body cells loose sensitivity to insulin. Symptoms: Appear around 40. Overweight adults. Treatment: Controlling diet, exercise, maintaining healthy body weight. (Auto Immune Disease) 4. Gestational Diabetes Cause: Diabetes during pregnancy caused by high level of production of FSH and LH which blocks effectiveness of insulin.

1. Estrogen: gland: ovaries target tissue: all female tissues effects: growth of sex organs. development of secondary sex characteristics. regrowth of uterine lining 2. Progesterone: gland: ovaries target tissue: all female tissues effects: maintenance of uterine lining. development of mammary glands 3. Testosterone: gland: testis target tissue: all male tissues effects: growth of sex organs. development of secondary sex characteristics. formation of sperm 4. FSH: gland: anterior pituitary target tissue: ovaries and testis effects:regulates development of male/ female gametes 5. LH: gland: anterior pituitary target tissue: ovaries and testis effects: stimulates release of egg from ovary; stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

1. Parathyroid- secrets: -Parathyroid Hormone target tissue: bone and kidneys effects: raise blood calcium level. released when blood calcium gets too low. activate osteoclasts to cut up bone and release calcium. kidneys keep calcium in body. 2. Thyroid- secrets: -Thyroxine target tissue: all tissues effects:raises metabolic rate -Calcitonin target tissue: bones and kidneys effects: lower blood calcium level. released when blood calcium gets too high suppress osteoclasts from releasing calcium. calcium lost in urine -Diseases 1. Cretinism Cause: Hypo secretion of thyroxine. Symptoms: Infant mental retardation, bone deformation, short life span. 2. Grave's Disease Cause: Hyper secretion of thyroxine. Symptoms: Skinny, hungry. (goiter - thyroid grows)

The anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary are both controlled by the hypothalamus. The Pituitary is so important because it secrets vital hormones for daily function. The anterior pituitary releases hormones such as HGH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, ACTH. The posterior pituitary releases ADH and Oxytocin. HGH stimulates cell growth and division and targets all tissues. LH stimulates release of egg and production of testosterone and estrogen and targets the testes and ovaries. FSH regulate the development of female and male gametes and targets the testes and ovaries. Prolactin stimulates milk production and targets mammary glands. ACTH stimulates the production of steroids and targets the adrenal glands. ADH stimulates absorption of water in the kidneys and targets the kidneys and blood vessels. Oxytocin causes smooth muscle contraction and targets smooth muscle.

1. Aldosterone- gland: adrenal glands target tissue: kidneys effects: maintains blood volume and pressure (stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and also retain water) 2. Cortisol- gland: adrenal glands target tissue: kidneys effects: controls inflammation. increases blood glucose concentration. suppresses immune response 3. Epinephrine- gland: adrenal glands target tissue:skeletal and cardiac muscles, blood vessels effects: neurotransmitters which stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. increases metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose,dilates blood vessels Diseases- 1. Cushing's syndrome Cause: Hyper secretion of aldosterone. Symptoms: upper extremity obesity, water retention. 2. Addison's disease Cause: Hypo secretion of Aldosterone. Symptoms: frequent urination, thirst, dehydration, skinny, darkening of skin, weakness.