English Research Paper Outline – Flashcards

9. a) The Codex position assumes that safety is already established and then recommends mandatory labeling of a food or food ingredient produced with use of a GMO when it is no longer substantially equivalent to the corresponding existing food or food ingredient as regards composition, nutritional value, or intended use. b) Although it is mandatory for U. S. food industries to label what ingredients in the product are entirely genetically modified, this still leaves much room for oblivion because consumers still aren't informed enough about the foods that they are purchasing.

8. a) The European Commission has been considering requiring mandatory labeling of foods obtained through use of GMOs based on consumers' desire and right to know about this process attribute. The United States opposes this policy and argues it would cause a non tariff barrier to trade in violation of recent trade agreements. b) If the United States decided to label their GMOs, this violation could potentially be avoided which would allow labeling in other countries as well, and give every consumer the information they deserve.

1. Define the acronym GMO and explain what GMOs are. a) What does GMO mean? i. GMO stands for genetically modified organisms. b) What is a genetically modified organism? i. In science we define such a phrase as an artificial process of insertion, deletion, or mutation in the genes of an organism (transgenic), and is most likely done for benefits of human use (like consumption).

2. Explain the controversial debate between whether or not food industries should label their GMOs. a) What is being debated? i. Genetically modified foods play an important role in our food consumption, but it has been controversially discussed that these genetically modified products should be labeled as such.

3. Thesis: a) Even though labeling genetically modified foods can be expensive, and imply a negative connotation on company brand names, it is the consumer's right to know what exactly they are purchasing for their knowledge and safety.

4. Topic Sentence: Many people in the world consume genetically modified organisms without even realizing that they are doing so. Supporting Details: a) Go into more depth about GMOs: history, types, etc. b) There are people all around the world, decreasing and even ceasing all production of GMO's, and there are reasons to why they are doing so. c) Certain countries (like New Zealand, Australia, Germany, etc.) ban either certain genetically modified foods or any GMOs all together. d) The goal isn't to ban GMOs entirely, but to bring awareness to our society with what they are consuming.

5. Topic Sentences: There are a broad range of benefits in genetically modifying our foods, although 40% of the world would disagree. These benefits alone are why GMOs shouldn't be banned. Supporting Details: a) List advantages b) Give examples of beneficial GMOs: tobacco and potato plants

6. Topic Sentence: Some of the foods we have eaten weren't meant to be genetically modified for us and there are also many health risks to consuming GMOs. Supporting Details: a) Give example of foods we eat that were originally made for other reasons: Star-link Corn b) Explain health risks to consuming GMOs: allergic reactions, organ damage, antibiotic resistance

7. Topic Sentence: Having knowledge of GMOs as well as knowing their benefits and risks on the global population comes a world-wide controversy to their labelization. Supporting Details: a) Give a list of the reasons GMOs should be labeled: transparency, food is identifiable, for religious or ethical reasons b) Give a list of the reasons GMOs aren't labeled: negative connotation, costs money, businesses may lose consumers, causes disputes between trading systems [Transition into details of some of these examples against GMO labelling]

10. "The rise in autoimmune diseases, infertility, gastrointestinal problems and chronic diseases may also be associated with the introduction of GM foods" (Brassard, 2010).

11. The tobacco plant, which (in San Joaquin Valley) had no chance of survival, until a gene from the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, was genetically implanted into it, making it able to tolerate salt stress as well as showing tolerance to other ionic stresses (Edwards, 2005).

12. As much as 80% of US packaged food have been genetically modified, and not a lot of it is safe for human consumption, states a brochure on genetically modified crops.

13. Another example would be that potato plants have been genetically engineered and tested successfully by utilizing a genetically engineered food to deliver a pharmaceutical immunization against diarrhea (Faerber, 2005).

14. 64 countries with over 40% of the world's population already label genetically engineered foods, including the entire European Union. "Even China labels genetically engineered foods." (NY times, 2013)

15. Topic Sentences: Knowing all of the information that we know now, it is easy to see why the overall controversy for labeling GMOs has developed. But when we consider the major reasons for why this process has been neglected for so long, there builds some concern.

16. Labeling genetically modified foods cost time, money, and may sway consumers away from buying them, but it is the consumer's right to know what exactly he/she is purchasing for their knowledge and safety.

17. It seems as if greed is the major issue that is keeping many food industries from making the change. If we take into consideration the importance of GMOs and the possibly health risks they cause, we can being to overlook the financial aspect of it and see that there are more benefits to labeling GMOs then not. To keep things less risky, and more beneficial to our people, just put a label on our genetically modified foods, and call it a day!