question

Survivors ink

answer

-Ohio ranks 5th -there is a Johns school so Johns go to a one day class and get nothing on their record -7 year life expectancy: disease, suicide, violence, drugs -1 in 7 men buy sex -2nd largest industry -most traffickers are usually not arrested and if they are they are usually not prosecuted

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who are the victims of crime

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-property crimes are more common than violence crime victimization -black rates of victimization are higher than white rates -women are more likely to be victim of rape, robbery, and assault -men are more likely to be victims specifically violent crime -men are more likely to be a victim to strangers and women are more likely to be victim to an intimate person/partner -as you age you are less likely to be victim of a crime

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Victims rights movement

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-1970s -victims ignored in the criminal justice system -three coinciding movements that led to victims rights: --> feminist movement: provided assistance to women victims --> civil rights movement --> tough on crime movement -increase in concern about crime -putting more focus on the victims: they have a right to be heard, say how they feel, and to assistance

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victim compensation

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-pays for time off work, mental health care, etc. -By 1979, 28 states has programs -California first program 1965

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victims assistance programs and activism

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-in 1972 there were only 3 and 2 were rape crisis centers -rape victims and battered women started finding programs and shelters -MADD founded in 1978 -organization for homicide survivors (the friends and families)

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victims rights in the 1980s

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• 1981- Reagan declares national victims' rights week • Federal victim and witness protection act of 1982 • Victims of crime act (VOCA) in 1984 o Established office of victims of crime (1988) DOJ - aid and promote justice

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advances in responding to victims

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-neurobiology - trauma and PTSD -research on crisis counseling ----victim group response team ----ex: Boston marathon -domestic abuse - use to be seen as a household and family issue instead of a legal issue. It was a family problem not a crime -child abuse: didn't use to be seen as a crime and there were no laws against it -anti-stalking laws

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victim impact statement

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-written or verbal -the first one was in 1976 and was a victim of Charles Manson -All states have some form --> most states have them during parole hearing ---> generally in presentencing sentencing investigation 1982 -presidents task force on victims and crime recommended judges allow for victim crime statement 1992 - Payne vs. Tennessee: capital punishment cases -there are reasons for having a victim heard (inducing bias) and having them not heard.

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reading notes

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• Some people feel they are victimized twice, once by the offender and once by the criminal justice system. • Not enough to make demands - victims need voice heard • Criminal justice system response to crimes and victims • Procedural justice - can apply to victims and general population

question

Hate crime

answer

-blacks experience the most hate crime -Jews are most targeted for their faith. Jews --> muslims --> other --> catholics -the numbers aren't that great, it may be do to non-reporting In 2001 muslims passed jews (9/11), then it decreased again -some states have no hate crime laws, a hate crime is just an advancement on a law -hate crime state laws vary greatly

question

Hate crimes- federal laws

answer

• Civil rights act of 1968, part of fair housing act • Violent crime control and law enforcement act (1994) • Mathew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate crimes prevention act (2009) o James Byrd Jr. was a black man walking back from a family event and he got in a car with a few white men he knew and they drug him until he died o Shepard was apparently "hitting" on homophobic so they beat him and they hung him to a pole in the middle of Wyoming • Now includes women in it, involves a larger amount of individuals

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prison

answer

- a long term sentence

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jail

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is somewhere you would be held overnight or until trial/misdemeanor

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mass incarceration

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• Percent of world population and prison population • Rate of incarceration of adult population in prison and jails • We incarcerate 1% of the adult population, but the US is roughly 5% of the world population and we incarcerate 25% of the worlds incarcerated people • Federal prisoners most inmates are drug offenders • State prisons are made up mostly (53%) of violent crimes • Incarceration continues to rise even after some crime is falling

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what causes mass incarceration

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-1969- Nixon says drug abuse is a serious national threat -1971 Nixon declares a war on drugs, saying drug abuse is enemy number 1 -1984 nancy Reagan does the just say no campaign -198 Reagan signs the anti-drug abuse act of 1986 ---> set mandatory minimums ----> 1.7 billion on the war on drugs

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crack vs. cocaine debate

answer

-28 grams of crack vs 500 grams of cocaine for 5 years more African Americans use crack and more

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mandatory minimum laws

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• By 2002 all states had adopted a mandatory minimum law o Some three strikes o John Oliver mandatory minimum laws o 1 out of 100 adults is locked up

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Geroge H.W. Bush vs. Dukakis - 1988 election

answer

o Willie Horton o Lee Atwater - willie Horton ad with a black man to test integration, except willie ended up not coming back and killing people -1988 federal ban on syringe programs (somewhat lifted in 2016)

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President Bill Clinton

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o Execution of Ricky Ray Rector o Ricky ray did not know what was happening to him. Clinton went and watched so people could not say he was soft on crime o They wanted him to do the federal syringe program and he said no

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From 1985-2000

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o Drug convictions account for 2/3 increase in federal prisons o Half of the increase in state prisons • Stricter sentences across the board • Sentences for both non-violent and violent crimes o 36 percent longer sentence than offenders released in 1990

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marijuana, race, and the criminal justice system

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• Weed use among whites is slightly higher than blacks • But black arrest rate Is 3.4/4 x the white arrest rate for weed, despite them having lower rates

question

stop and frisk

answer

• Rudowsky (2001): o Rate of being stopped is greater for blacks, but that leads to arrest less than whites • NYPD: o 10% of 40,000 officers account for 78% of all misconduct complains o 86% of NYPD - no complaints

question

drug war- group threat

answer

• Whites became threatened by minority groups coming in and taking their jobs. This way they could arrest minorities, but have a reason too.

question

shooting

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• In the community and the police have a higher propensity to shoot for black targets • Participants are slower to press "don't shoot" when unnamed target is black • Participants are quicker to press shoot when an armed target is black

question

race and the criminal justice system

answer

• Persons of color are more likely than whites to be: o Stopped by the police (driving while black) o Abused by the police o Arrested o Denied bail o Convicted o Receive a harsher sentence when convicted • "filtering out of CJS" - Angela Davis o Prosecutors have a considerable amount of influence over sentencing

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lifetime likelihood of imprisonment

answer

• 1 in 3 black men • 1 in 9 of all men • 1 in 17 white men • 1 in 6 Latino men • 1 in 56 all women

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another reason for an increase in imprisonment

answer

• Decline of mental hospitals o Had to release people without having fully treated them.

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percentage of mental illness

answer

• Most common mental illness is depression • 44.8% in federal prisons are mentally ill • 56.2% of inmates in state prisons are mentally ill • 64.2% in local jail have mental illness

question

privatized prisons

answer

• CCA and GEO group are the largest • Prisoners for profit • Conditions in privatized prisons o They have to insure people are going into the prison • They spend as little as possible on inmates and pay their works very small • Conditions aren't favorable for the inmates or the guards

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Police Militarization

answer

• 10-33 program • Tactics • Give military gear to police departments often • Concerns: o Police departments are losing some of these very powerful weapons o Difference in training o Ex. Ferguson

question

employment

answer

• Incarceration how it affects employment outcomes • Alcohol and drug abuse affects incarceration and employment outcomes? • Call back rates for black men with a record: 5% and white men with a criminal record: 17% • Call back rates for no criminal records black: 14% and white: 34%

question

children of incarcerated parents

answer

• Behavioral and mental health issues • Foster care placement • Incarcerated mothers • Causality?

question

price of prison

answer

-about $30,000 per inmate per year

question

felon disenfranchisement

answer

• 1 in 13 • 2000 Bush vs. Gore o Everything came down to Florida o In Florida you cannot vote if you are a felon

question

changing tides

answer

• Democrats and republicans agreeing • April 2008 - Bush signs Second Chance Act o Allocates 362 million to help recently released prisoners • 2013 Attorney General Eric Holder - "Smart on Crime" initiative o Divert nonviolent ow level drug offenders to treatment • Decline in incarceration o Alexander's concern

question

juvenile delinquency risk factors:

answer

-individual: early antisocial behavior, hyperactivity, low self control -family factors: large family size, abuse, violence, teenage parenthood -peer factors: association with deviant peers, peer rejection -school and community: living in poverty, high crime neighborhood, academic performance, access to weapons

question

school to prison pipelines

answer

-zero tolerance policies: --> gun free school act of 1994 -school recourse officers (SROs) -suspension and expulsion are risks

question

juveniles were called

answer

-super-predators

question

Roper vs. Simmons

answer

2005 -death penalty -8th amendment

question

life without possibility of parole

answer

-graham vs. florida -miler vs Alabama

question

solitary confinement

answer

-Obama executive action 2016 -Kalief Browder-Rikers Island

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autumns law

answer

A law that would make abusive and/or neglectful parents/guardians who have custody of their children CRIMINALLY responsible for murders committed by their minor children, when they know or should have known the propensity toward violence existed.

question

Miranda rights

answer

-J.D.B vs. North Carolina

question

youth gangs/ gangs

answer

-no single definition -risk for joining gangs: exposure, little supervision, childhood trauma for victim victimization, exclusion-status-protection ----> MS13 ----> early development of the bloods and crips

question

alternatives to prison

answer

-community based alternative - restorative justice -non-imprisonment terms: treatment facilities and bootcamp

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