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Indulgence

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A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins

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Mercantilism

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A European economic policy of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies

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Scientific Revolution

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A European intellectual movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science

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Parliamentary Monarchy

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A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

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Northwest Passage

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A passage through the North America Continent that was sought early by explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east

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Enlightenment

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A philosophical movement in eighteenth century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society

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Viceroyalty

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A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies

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Encomienda

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A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European Colonists

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Devshirme

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A practice of the Ottoman empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries

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Protestant Reformation

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A religious movement began by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations

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Caravel

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A small, easily steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations

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Nation-State

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A sovereign state whose people share a common culture and national identity

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Creoles

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A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents

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Empirical Research

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a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct observation or experience.

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Taj Mahal

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a white marble mausoleum built at Agra, India, by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (fl. 1628-58) for his favorite wife

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Factor

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An agent with trade privileges in early Russia

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Laissez-Faire Economies

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An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries

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Capitalism

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An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making

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Northern Renaissance

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An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

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Philosophes

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French Enlightenment social thinkers

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Peninsulares

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In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies a person of mixed African and European descent

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Repartamiento

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In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages

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Mestizo

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In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent

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Mulato

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In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe.

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Qing Dynasty

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Manchurian rule of China beginning in 1644 and lasting until 1914

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Janissaries

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Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands

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Jesuits

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Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534

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Manchus

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Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty

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Natural Law

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Principles that govern nature

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Absolute Monarch

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Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution

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Mughal Dynasty

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Rulers who controlled most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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Boyars

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Russian Nobility

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Cossacks

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Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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Sovereignty

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Self-rule

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Treaty Of Tordesillas

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The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and Portugal

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Divine Right

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The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God

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Predestination

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The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell

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Glorious Revolution

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The bloodless overthrow English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English Throne

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Hagia Sophia

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The church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest

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Deism

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The concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the god was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws

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Heliocentric Revolution

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The concept that the sun is the center of the solar system

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Triangular Trade

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The eighteenth century trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

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Columbian Exchange

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The exchange of food, crops, livestock, and disease between Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus

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Commercial Revolution

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The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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Tokugawa Shogunate

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The feudal rulers of Japan who moved the capital to Edo. They ruled from 1603 to 1868.

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Purdah

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The Hindu custom of secluding women

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Middle Passage

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The portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas

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Excommunication

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The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices.

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Reconquista

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The recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492

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Catholic Reformation

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The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education

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Estates-General

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The traditional legislative body of France

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Dutch Learning

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Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century

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Ninety-Five These

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Work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic Church

AP World history unit 4: 1450-1750 vocabulary – Flashcards

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