question

A nurse is asked what causes secondary amenorrhea. How should the nurse respond? Causes of secondary amenorrhea other than pregnancy and menopause include:

answer

thyroid disorders Answer Feedback: Pituitary tumors, thyroid disorders, and extreme weight loss can all result in secondary amenorrhea

question

What complication will the nurse monitor for in a patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome?

answer

Infertility Answer Feedback: Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility.

question

Which statement indicates a nurse needs more instruction regarding premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? PMS is the cyclic recurrence that can cause changes:

answer

financially Answer Feedback: Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, irritability, myalgias, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and sleep disturbance

question

A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of pelvic inflammatory disease. Which information should the nurse include? Pelvic inflammatory disease can be caused by:

answer

sexually transmitted infections Answer Feedback: Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infection with sexually transmitted organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

question

A female presents with cervicitis, pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge. Which organism does the nurse suspect caused this condition?

answer

Trichomoniasis Answer Feedback: Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis.

question

A patient presents with protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal with occasional protrusion outside the vagina. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? Uterine:

answer

prolapse Answer Feedback: Uterine prolapse is descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal, which can progress to protrusion outside of the vagina.

question

A nurse recalls dermoid cysts are tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone that can eventually develop into:

answer

ovarian cancer Answer Feedback: Dermoid cysts are ovarian tumors that are generally asymptomatic but must be removed to prevent the development of ovarian cancer.

question

A patient has pain in the abdomen and pelvis occurring with dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, and adhesions. The nurse will plan to care for a patient with:

answer

endometriosis Answer Feedback: Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands that can be found throughout the body, especially in the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Endometriosis can lead to a wide variety of pelvic and abdominal symptoms.

question

Which of the following statements indicates a patient needs more teaching about ovarian cancer?

answer

Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer Answer Feedback: The highest incidence of ovarian cancer is in elderly women

question

A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of urethritis. Which information should the nurse include? Urethritis is a common disorder of the male urethra and is most commonly caused by:

answer

sexually transmitted infection. Answer Feedback: Urethritis is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections from microorganisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Which patient is most prone to penile cancer?

answer

Black male who smokes Answer Feedback: Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, and black race

question

A male patient has an abnormal dilation of the spermatic/testicular vein. What term will the nurse use to describe this condition?

answer

Varicocele Answer Feedback: An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord that can lead to infertility is known as a varicocele.

question

A young male child's testes have failed to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. Which condition will the nurse observe documented on the chart?

answer

Cryptorchidism Answer Feedback: With cryptorchidism, the testicle may remain in the abdomen or arrest in the inguinal canal instead of descending into the scrotum.

question

What must the nurse monitor for in a patient who has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

answer

Urethral obstruction Answer Feedback: Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in BPH lead to the formation of nodules that compress the urethra and cause urethral obstruction.

question

Which patient should be assessed first for cervical cancer? A patient:

answer

who has an infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Answer Feedback: Most cases of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia are associated with HPV, a sexually transmitted infection

question

A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea. Which information should the nurse include? Excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding resulting in painful menstruation is a result of:

answer

excessive prostaglandin levels. Answer Feedback: Primary dysmenorrhea is the result of excessive prostaglandin F2 alpha levels in the myometrium and endometrium

question

To prevent prostate cancer, which diet should the nurse encourage men to consume? A diet low in:

answer

fat. Answer Feedback: A diet high in fat is a risk factor for prostate cancer

question

The nurse is describing the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. Which factor should the nurse include?

answer

Decreased dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Answer Feedback: Decreased levels of DHT are associated with the development of prostate cancer

question

A patient has benign breast disease. Which type of breast lesion does this patient have?

answer

Nonproliferative Answer Feedback: Nonproliferative, proliferative, and atypical hyperplasia (proliferative with atypia) are examples of benign breast disease

question

A nurse is asked which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer. What is the nurse's best response?

answer

Elevated estrogen Answer Feedback: Elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer

question

A 14-year-old girl has failed to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics. What term will the nurse use to describe this condition?

answer

Primary amenorrhea Answer Feedback: Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called primary amenorrhea

question

A woman has irregular menstrual cycles and heavy bleeding with no disease or physical problems. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?

answer

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Answer Feedback: Irregular and/or heavy bleeding is a condition called dysfunctional uterine bleeding

question

A patient has the symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). During the pain assessment which activity will the patient say lessens the pain?

answer

Resting Answer Feedback: The pain of PID may worsen with walking, jumping, or intercourse.

question

A nurse is asked what causes vaginitis. How should the nurse respond? Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to:

answer

antibiotic use. Answer Feedback: Oral antibiotic use can decrease healthy levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus, resulting in overgrowth of normal vaginal flora

question

A patient has a cystocele. What other condition should the nurse assess for in this patient?

answer

Stress incontinence Answer Feedback: A cystocele occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence

question

A patient has adenomyosis. While the nurse is obtaining the history from the patient, what will the nurse typically find? The patient took:

answer

Answer Feedback: Adenomyosis commonly develops during the late reproductive years, with the highest incidence among women in their forties and women taking tamoxifen

question

Which cancer is the nurse testing for when the Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening?

answer

Cervical Answer Feedback: The Pap smear is routinely used to screen for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer

question

A patient has vaginal cancer. While the nurse is obtaining the history from the patient, what will the nurse typically find? The patient was exposed to:

answer

Answer Feedback: Exposure in utero to nonsteroidal estrogens (diethylstilbestrol [DES]) also has been identified as a risk factor for vaginal cancer

question

A nurse is teaching a class about risk factors for endometrial cancer. Which information should the nurse include? Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include:

answer

obesity, early menarche, and late menopause. Answer Feedback: Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include, among others, obesity, early menarche, and late menopause.

question

Which of the following male reproductive disorders will cause the nurse to prepare the patient for surgery?

answer

Testicular torsion Answer Feedback: Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency, since the rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes.

question

A patient wants to know the difference between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). How should the nurse respond? PMDD has:

answer

depression. Answer Feedback: PMDD is the term often used to refer to the premenstrual disorder with a predominant psychosocial or functional impairment, similar to dysthymia and minor depression

question

A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Which information should the nurse include? The major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome is:

answer

hyperinsulinemia. Answer Feedback: Hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in androgen excess and the subsequent development of polycystic ovarian syndrome

question

Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer?

answer

All of the above Answer Feedback: Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. When breast cancer metastasizes, the cancer cells first migrate to the axillary lymph nodes, manifesting with enlarged lymph nodes. Abnormal discharge from the nipple is also a sign of advanced breast cancer

question

If sexual maturation occurs before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys, which term should the nurse use to describe these conditions?

answer

Precocious puberty Answer Feedback: Early sexual maturation is a rare condition known as precocious puberty

question

Which condition is the nurse assessing for when the results of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is monitored?

answer

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Answer Feedback: The PSA test is used to screen for prostate tissue hyperplasia, which is present in BPH and prostate cancer

question

Which patient has the greatest risk of developing testicular cancer? The male patient with a history of:

answer

cryptorchidism. Answer Feedback: The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of cryptorchidism

question

Which principle is most important for the nurse to remember when providing care to a patient with prostate cancer? Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to:

answer

benign prostatic hyperplasia. Answer Feedback: The major symptom of prostate cancer is unrelieved urethral obstruction and decreased urinary flow. These problems also occur with BPH

question

A nurse is explaining the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. Which information should the nurse include? The most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer is:

answer

older age. Answer Feedback: By age 85, one in six American men will develop prostate cancer and about 3% will die from

question

A patient has galactorrhea. Which area is priority to assess?

answer

Breast Answer Feedback: Galactorrhea is marked by inappropriate lactation from the breast.

question

Which of the following can the nurse suggest to women to protect against the development of breast cancer?

answer

Regular exercise Answer Feedback: Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels.

question

A male has overdevelopment of breast tissue. Which term should the nurse use to describe this condition?

answer

Gynecomastia Answer Feedback: Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males is a condition known as gynecomastia

question

A nurse is discussing endocrine system dysfunctions with a patient. Which statement indicates the patient understood? Endocrine system dysfunction can result from hyposecretion, hypersecretion, or from:

answer

Abnormal receptor activity

question

An aide asks the nurse what is the most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. How should the nurse respond?

answer

Cancer

question

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would be expected in this patient?

answer

Hyponatremia

question

A 44-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for SIADH. Which of the following assessment findings would be expected in this patient?

answer

Concentrated urine

question

A nurse is caring for a patient with SIADH. What severe complications should the nurse assess for?

answer

Neurologic damage

question

A 22-year-old male is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should the nurse anticipate?

answer

Dehydration from polyuria

question

While planning care for a patient from general anesthesia, which principle should the nurse remember? A side effect of some general anesthetic agents is _______ diabetes insipidus.

answer

Nephrogenic

question

Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus (DM), and SIADH share which of the following assessment manifestations?

answer

Thirst

question

A 50-year-old male patient presents with polyuria and extreme thirst. he was given exogenous ADH. For which of the following conditions would this treatment be effective?

answer

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

question

A 25-year-old male presents with fatigue, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. Tests reveal all pituitary hormones are normal and no masses are present. The nurse suspects the most likely cause of his symptoms is a dysfunction in the:

answer

Pituitary stalk

question

A 15-year-old female presents with breast discharge, dysmenorrhea, and excessive excitability. Tests reveal that all her pituitary hormones are elevated. What does the nurse suspect as the most likely cause for these assessment findings?

answer

A pituitary adenoma

question

What common neurologic disturbances should the nurse assess for in a patient with a pituitary adenoma?

answer

Visual disturbances

question

A 35-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. While the nurse is reviewing the lab tests, which results would the nurse expect to find?

answer

High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating antibodies

question

While checking the lab results for a patient with Graves disease, the nurse would check the T3 level to be abnormally:

answer

High

question

A 35-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect to find before treatment?

answer

Skin host and moist, rapid heart rate

question

Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves disease. The endocrinologist explains to the patient that the main cause of these complications is:

answer

Orbital edema and protrusion of the eyeball

question

A 25-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Palpation of her neck would most likely reveal:

answer

Diffuse thyroid enlargement

question

A 22-year-old female has a low level of TSH. What condition does the nurse expect the patient is experiencing?

answer

Secondary hypothyroidism

question

While planning care for a patient with hypothyroidism, which principle should the nurse remember? The basal metabolic rate is unusually _____ with hypothyroidism.

answer

Low

question

A 3-year-old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. The parents ask the nurse if left untreated what will happen. What is the nurse's best response? If left untreated, the child would have:

answer

Mental retardation and stunted growth

question

A 30-year-old male was diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma. The lab tests the nurse would most likely find are _____ T3 and T4 levels.

answer

Normal

question

What problem should the nurse assess for in a patient with chronic hyperparathyroidism?

answer

Osterporosis and pathologic fractures

question

A 45-year-old female with Graves disease underwent surgical removal of her thyroid gland. During the postoperative period, her serum calcium was low. the most probably reason for her low serum calcium is:

answer

Hypoparathyroidism caused by surgical injury to the parathyroid glands

question

A 30-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a hospital unit for the surgical removal of her thyroid gland. During the postoperative period, the nurse notes that the patient's serum calcium is low. The nurse should observe the patient for which of the following signs/symptoms?

answer

Laryngeal spasms and hyperreflexia

question

When the patient wants to know what most commonly causes hypoparathyroidism, how should the nurse reply? It is most commonly used by:

answer

Parathyroid gland injury

question

A 25-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting changes in facial features. CT scan reveals a mass on the anterior pituitary, and lab tests reveal severely elevated growth hormone (GH). Which of the following would the nurse also expect to find?

answer

Sexual dysfunction

question

A 30-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting visual disturbances. CT reveals a pituitary tumor and lab tests reveal elevated prolactin. He is diagnosed with prolacinoma. Which of the following treatments would the nurse help implement? Administering:

answer

Dopaminergic agonists

question

A 12-year-old female is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. When the parents ask what causes this, what is the nurse's best response?

answer

Immune destruction of the pancreas

question

A 12-year-old male is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. Which of the following tests should the nurse prepare the patient to best confirm the diagnosis?

answer

Fasting plasma glucose levels

question

An 11-year-old male is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. Which classic symptoms should the nurse assess the patient for?

answer

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss

question

A 19-year-old female with type 1 DM was admitted to the hospital with altered consciousness and the following lab values: serum glucose 500 mg/dl (high) and serum K+2 (low). Her parents state that she has been sick with the "flu" for a week. The diagnosis is hyperosmolar hyperglycemia nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS). What relationship do these values have with her insulin deficiency?

answer

Decreased insulin causes hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis.

question

A nurse is reviewing lab results for glycosylated hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A) levels. A nurse recalls the purpose of this test is to:

answer

Monitor long term serum glucose control

question

When a patient asks what causes hyperglycemia in type 2 DM, how should the nurse respond? Hyperglycemia is a result of:

answer

Hyperinsulinemia

question

A 19-year-old female with type 1 DM was admitted to the hospital with the following lab values: serum glucose 500 mg/dl (high), urine glucose and ketones 4+ (high), and arterial pH 7.20 (low). Her parents state that she has been sick with the "flu" for a week. Which of the following statements best explains her acidotic state?

answer

Insulin deficiency promotes lipid metabolism and ketone formation

question

A 13-year-old male who uses insulin to control his type 1 diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion during gym class. The most probable cause of these symptoms is:

answer

Hypoglycemia caused by increased exercise

question

A 55-year-old female is admitted to the medical unit for complications of long-term, poorly controlled type 2 DM. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in addition to elevated glucose?

answer

Atheroslcerosis

question

When a staff member asks the nurse what causes the chronic complications of DM such as microvascular and macrovascular disease, how should the nurse respond? These complications are primarily related to:

answer

Hyperglycemia

question

A nurse checks lab results as both Cushing syndrome and Addison disease can manifest with elevated levels of:

answer

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

question

Which of the following alterations would the nurse expect to find in a patient with untreated Cushing disease or syndrome?

answer

Hypertension

question

When a nurse is assessing the physical features of individuals with Cushing syndrome, these findings will include:

answer

Truncal obesity and moon face

question

A 35-year-old female took corticosteroid therapy for several months. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find?

answer

Type 2 DM

question

A nurse is preparing to teach a patient about Addison disease. Which information should the nurse include? The most common cause of Addison disease is:

answer

An autoimmune reaction

question

A 50-year-old female presents with lightheadedness and overal abnormal feelings. Hyperaldosteronism is diagnosed. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect?

answer

Hypokalemia

question

A 49-year-old female is diagnosed with hypercortisolism. Which of the following would the nurse expect?

answer

Osteoporosis

question

The body's inability to converse water and sodium when affected by Addison disease is explained by which of the following conditions?

answer

Aldosterone deficiency

question

A patient with Addison disease has weakness and easy fatigability. A nurse recalls this is due to:

answer

Hypocortisolism

question

What is the cause of hyperpigmentation seen in people with Cushing syndrome?

answer

Elevated levels of ACTH

question

A 30-year-old female presents with hypertension, headache, tachycardia, impaired glucose tolerance, and weight loss. Which of the following diagnosis will the nurse see documented on the chart?

answer

Pheochromocytoma

question

A nurse wants to determine if there is kidney dysfunction in a patient with diabetes. Which of the following is the earliest manifestation?

answer

Microalbuminuria

question

Which of the following diseases should the nurse teach the patient to prevent as it is the ultimate cause of death in the patient with diabetes?

answer

Cardiovascular disease

question

A nurse is assessing a patient with hypoparathyroidism. Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism include (select all that apply):

answer

- Tetany - Chvostek sign - Trousseau sign - Hair loss

question

A 60-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:

answer

Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls

question

A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by:

answer

Endothelial injury and inflammation

question

A staff member asks a nurse was foam cells are. What is the nurse's best response? From cells in a fatty streak are:

answer

Macrophages that engulf low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

question

A nurse takes an adult patient's blood pressure and determines it to be normal. What reading did the nurse obtain?

answer

Systolic pressure less than 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mmHg

question

Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension.

answer

Primary

question

A 30-year-old Cuacasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. A nurse determines which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis?

answer

Genes

question

A 65-year-old male presents for a routine checkup. A blood pressure check reveals a systolic pressure of 160 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 70 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this type of pressure evaluation?

answer

Rigidity of the aorta

question

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He has no other health problems. Present treatment would cause the nurse to anticipate administering which drug to the patient?

answer

A diuretic

question

A 55-year-old female has undiagnosed hypertension. She presents to her primary care provider reporting impaired vision and chronic edema. Lab tests reveal that she also has renal insufficiency. While planning care, the nurse realizes the most likely cause for these findings is:

answer

End-organ damage

question

A nurse monitors the patient for _____ when rapid onset of malignant hypertension results.

answer

Encephalopathy

question

When a nurse checks the patient for orthostatic hypotension, what did the nurse have the patient do?

answer

Stand up

question

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience?

answer

Syncope and fainting

question

A 65-year-old female presents to the emergency department reporting difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

answer

Throacic aorta

question

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm. Where does the nurse suspect the cerebral aneurysm is located?

answer

Circle of Willis

question

What term should the nurse document for a detached blood clot?

answer

Thromboembolus

question

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain, with swelling and redness. While obtaining the patient's history, which finding could have caused her condition?

answer

Venous thrombus

question

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

answer

Deep veins of the leg

question

Individuals with Raynaud disease need to be counseled to avoid which of the following conditions to prevent severe symptoms?

answer

Cold exposure

question

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her primary care provider reporting edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Upon performing the history, which of the following is a possible cause for the varicose veins?

answer

Long periods of standing

question

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins and the lower extremities and edema. The diagnosis is chronic venous insufficiency, and an expected assessment finding of this disorder is:

answer

Skin hyperpigmentation

question

While planning care for a patient with superior vena cava sydrome (SVCS), which principle should the nurse remember? SVCS is a progressive ____ of the superior vena cava (SVC) that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head.

answer

Occlusion

question

A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with bronchogenic cancer. He developed edema and venous distention in the upper extremities and face. Which of the following diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart?

answer

Superior vena cava sydnrome (SVCS)

question

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The nurse assesses for myocardial:

answer

Ischemia

question

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change?

answer

Smoking cigarettes

question

A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counseling. He has an elevated level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Which of the following should the nurse advise him to avoid?

answer

Trans fats

question

When a patient asks the nurse what is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia, which statement is the correct response? The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:

answer

Atherosclerosis

question

A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. When he asks what causes the pain, how should the nurse respond? The pain occurs when:

answer

The myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand

question

A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

answer

Prinzmetal

question

A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing:

answer

Stable angina

question

A 49-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?

answer

Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply

question

A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has:

answer

Impending myocardial infarction (MI)

question

A 55-year-old male died of a myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal:

answer

Platelet aggregation within the atherosclerotic coronary artery

question

A 60-year-old female has a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived, but now the nurse is providing care for impaired ventricular function because:

answer

The resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.

question

A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Lab tests at the hospital reveal elevated levels of cardiac troponins I and T. Based upon the lab findings, the nurse suspects which of the following has occurred?

answer

Myocardial infarction (MI)

question

A 28-year-old female presents to the ER reporting severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. She has a fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. Based upon the assessment findings, the nurse determines the patient is experiencing:

answer

Acute pericarditis

question

A 56-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is of greatest concern to the nurse?

answer

Tamponade

question

A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis. The nurse assesses the blood pressure for decreased cardiac output because of:

answer

Fibrosis and calcification of the pericardial layers

question

Many valvular stenosis and regurgitation disorders in adults have a common etiology. Which of the following conditions should alert the nurse that the patient may have both types of valve dysfunction?

answer

Rheumatic fever or heart disease

question

While planning care, the nurse remembers which principle? In valvular ____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely.

answer

Stenosis

question

A 67-year-old female was previously diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Tests reveal lipoprotein deposition with chronic inflammation that impairs blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis recorded on the chart?

answer

Aortic stenosis

question

A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, the nurse realizes the patient has incomplete emptying of the:

answer

Left atrium

question

A 72-year-old female has a history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. An echocardiogram reveals backflow of blood into the left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis documented on the chart?

answer

Aortic regurgitation

question

Upon assessment of the patient, the nurse finds a widened pulse pressure and throbbing peripheral pulses. Which valve disorder does the nurse suspect?

answer

Aortic regurgitation

question

A 35-year-old male presents with pulmonary hypertension. Testing reveals he is in right heart failure. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will see listed on the chart?

answer

Tricuspid regurgitation

question

A nurse recalls the most common cardiac valve disease in the United States, which tends to be most prevalent in young women, is:

answer

Mitral valve prolapse

question

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. When a staff member asks what caused the disease, what is the nurse's most correct response? The most likely cause of this disease is:

answer

Group A ?-hemolytic streptococcus infections

question

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. While planning care, which characteristic changes should the nurse remember?

answer

Antigens that bind to the valvular lining, triggering an autoimmune response

question

A 30-year-old female presents to her primary care provider with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions. She is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. When the patient wants to know what caused the disease, what is the nurse's best response? the most likely cause of the disease is:

answer

Bacteria

question

A nurse is teaching staff about endocarditis. Which information should the nurse include? Inflammatory cells have difficulty limiting the colonization of microorganisms in infective endocarditis because the:

answer

Microorganisms are sequestered in a fibrin clot

question

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart?

answer

Atrial fibrillation

question

Which characteristic changes should the nurse keep in mind while caring for a patient with left heart failure? As left heart failure progresses:

answer

Left ventricular preload increases

question

A 65-year-old male with a history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. A nurse recalls his untreated hypertension led to:

answer

Myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling

question

A 59-year-old female is diagnosed with left ventricular failure. If a decrease in kidney perfusion occurs, the nurse knows this would ultimately cause:

answer

Increased systemic vascular resistance

question

A 68-year-old female is experiencing left heart failure. Physical exam reveals elevated blood pressure. The nurse understands this is most likely caused by:

answer

Sympathetic nervous system compensation for decreased cardiac output

question

When a patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea, which principle should the nurse remember? Pulmonary symptoms, common to left heart failure, are a result of:

answer

Pulmonary vascular congestion

question

A 73-year-old female has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. The nurse should monitor for a possible complication because a potential cause for her heart to fail is:

answer

Left heart failure

question

A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures should the nurse assess for in this patient?

answer

Right heart failure

question

A 72-year-old female has a history of a right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?

answer

Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

question

Which condition should cause the nurse to assess for high-output failure in a patient?

answer

Anemia

question

When a person is in shock, a nurse remembers impairment in cellular metabolism is caused by:

answer

Inadequate tissue perfusion

question

One consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is:

answer

Decrease adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production

question

A nurse is planning care for a patient in shock. Which principle should the nurse remember? During shock states, glucose uptake is usually:

answer

Impaired

question

A 50-year-old male was admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (MI). He is being treated for shock. His cardiopulmonary symptoms include low blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea. His skin is pale and cool. The primary cause of his shock is most likely:

answer

Decreased cardiac contractility

question

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

answer

Hypovolemic

question

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is:

answer

Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

question

What factors make a patient prone to neurogenic shock? Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the:

answer

Sympathetic nervous system

question

A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment findings will the nurse asses for?

answer

Bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension

question

A nurse is teaching a patient about anaphylactic shock. Which information should the nurse include? The onset of anaphylactic shock is usually:

answer

Immediate and life threatening

question

For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following factors should the nurse determine occurred?

answer

Bacteria must enter the bloodstream

question

A 20-year-old female is being admitted to the hospital with fever and septic shock. Which set of assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit?

answer

Low blood pressure, tachycardia, generalized edema

question

The hypotensive state seen in septic shock can lead to:

answer

Gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream

question

Which patient is most prone to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? In a patient with:

answer

Septic shock

question

A 75-year-old female has been critically ill with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) for longer than a week and has developed a severe oxygen supply and demand imbalance. The statement that best describes this imbalance is which of the following?

answer

The reserve has been exhausted, and the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the amount the circulation is able to deliver?

question

Which organ should the nurse monitor closely since it is often the first to fail in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

answer

Lungs

question

Which of the following findings in the patient with Raynaud disease would indicate a need for further teaching?

answer

The patient smokes cigarettes

question

Which of the following lab tests will the nurse check to help diagnose heart failure and provide insight into its severity?

answer

Brain natriuretic

question

A nurse recalls acute orthostatic hypotension can be caused by (select all that apply):

answer

- Prolonged immobility - Drug action - Starvation - Volume depletion

question

A patient has been researching cardiac cells on the internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for ___ minutes before irreversible cell injury occurs.

answer

20

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