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Enclosure Movement

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The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

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Capital

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A ready supply of money

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Entrepreneurs

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individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques

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cottage industry

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This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product

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puddling

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a process developed by Henry Cort where coke, derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (crud iron) to make high-quality iron

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Industrial Capitalism

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An economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

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Socialism

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A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

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James Watt

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A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.

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Robert Fulton

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Built the first paddle-wheel steamboat

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Robert Owen

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A British cotton manufacturer and Utopian socialist; believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment

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Conservatism

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A belief that limited government ensures order, competitive markets, and personal opportunity.

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Principle of Intervention

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The right of great powers to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

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Liberalism

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A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

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Universal Male Suffrage

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The right of all males to vote in elections.

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Multinational State

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State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

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Congress of Vienna

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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.

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Klemens Von Metternich

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The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna.

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Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

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Louis-Napoleon

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Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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German Confederation

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consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia; the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

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Militarism

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A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

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Kaiser

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German word meaning "emperor", used for German kings in late 1800s and early 1900s

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Plebiscite

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A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

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Emancipation

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Freeing of slaves

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Abolitionism

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The doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery

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Secede

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Withdraw from an organization or communion

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

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Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

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Otton Von Bismarck

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Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. (p 551)

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Queen Victoria

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Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901 (1819-1901)

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Romanticism

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19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

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Secularization

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The process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in sectors of society and culture.

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Organic Evolution

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change of organisms over geologic time.

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Natural Selection

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process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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Realism

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(philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived

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Ludwig Van Beethoven

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German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)

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Louis Pasteur

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French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)

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Charles Darwin

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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

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Charles Dickens

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English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

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Imperialism

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

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Racism

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Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race

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Protectorate

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A nation whose independence is limited by the control of a more powerful country

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Indirect rule

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Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

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Direct rule

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Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country

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King Mongkut

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Ruler of Thailand who was able to keep out colonial control

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King Chulalongkorn

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Mongkut's son that also prevented Thailand from being colonized.

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Commodore George Dewey

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A commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam.

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

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Annexed

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To take control of

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Indigenous

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Native to a particular area

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Muhammad Ali

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Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

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David Livingstone

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Most important missionary and explorer of Africa in Victorian period, Scottish, went back and forth from Africa over 30 years, abolitionist, 1871 disappeared but was living among Africans, found by Sir Henry Morton Stanley

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Henry Stanley

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British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

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Zulu

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The people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.

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Sepoys

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Indian troops who served in the British army

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Viceroy

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Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign

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Kanpur

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Site of indin massacre of 200 defenseless British women and children

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Indian National Congress

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A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor

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Mohandas Gandhi

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A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

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Rabindranath Tagore

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Who was the Indian author who was also a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter?

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Creoles

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People who had Spanish or Portuguese parents but were born in Latin America.

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Peninsulares

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Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class

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Mestizos

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People of Native American and European descent

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Caudillos

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The way that many Latin American army leaders controlled new nations, as dictators

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Cash Crops

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Crops grown for a profit

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Jose de San Martin

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South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

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Simon Bolivar

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The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

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Monroe Doctrine

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President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

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Was a Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century. He was elected president, but didn't serve; instead he overthrew the government and established himself as a dictator. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed The Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835 and 1836 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans.

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Benito Juarez

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Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico

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