A History of Western Music: Chapter 20 – Flashcards
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Enlightenment
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All problems can be solved through scientific observation and reasoning. Increased population, manufacturing, trade, and income. Reason, nature, and progress were the main themes.
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The Public Concert
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The new way of hearing music that arose in the eighteenth century. Offered opportunities for performers and composers.
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Galant Style
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(French) Most common term for the new style. Featured songlike melodies, short phrases, frequent cadences, light accompaniment, homophonic. Originated from Italian Operas and Concertos.
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Short Phrasing
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Hallmark of the classical style in music.
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Fluid
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The emotions in music during the Classical era.
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Empfindsam Style
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(German) Surprising harmony, chromaticism, and nervous rhythms. Associated with the music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Similar to Galant Style.
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Academy of Ancient Music
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An organization dedicated to performing music of earlier centuries.
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Michel-Paul-Guy de Chabanon
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Believed that music was a universal language.
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Period
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A complete musical thought made up of two or more phrases that is concluded by a cadence.
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Economic Change
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Increased population, manufacturing, trade, and income.
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Cosmopolitan Society
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Marriages between powerful families. Importance of shared humanity and culture.
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Catherine the Great
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German princes/Empress of Russia.
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Metastasio
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Italian poet that worked at the German imperial court in Vienna.
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F. M. von Grimm
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German writer that gained prominence in Parisian literary and musical circles.
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Nationalism
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A major theme in the nineteenth century; already begun to emerge by the end of the eighteenth century.
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Philosophese
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French thinkers that included Voltair, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. Contributed to Denis Diderot's "Encyclopédie."
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Encyclopédie
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Written by Denis Diderot. A key text of the Enlightenment in response to the terrible inequalities of social class and focused on individual human rights.
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Humanitariansim
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Promoted the welfare of humankind and social reform.
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Freemasonry
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Teachings of the secret fraternal order of Masons. Founded in London.
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Connoisseur
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Coined in the early eighteenth century to describe an informal listener who has a taste for the best in music and art.
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Charles Burney
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Wrote the book A General History of Music. (1776-89)
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John Hawkins
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Wrote the book A General History of the Science and Practice of Music. (1776)
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Johann Nikolaus Forkel
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Wrote the book Allgemeine Geschichte der Music. (General History of Music, 1788-1801)
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Preferred Music
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Vocally conceived melody, short phrases, spare accompaniment.
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Charles Batteux
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Philosopher that wrote the book Les beaux-arts. (The Fine Arts, 1746) Believed that the task of art is to imitate and perfect nature.
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Andreas Werckmeister
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Wrote the book Der Edlen Music-Kunst. (The Noble Art of Music, 1691) Believed music was a gift of god and it should be used only in his honor.
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Classical Style
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Melody over relatively light accompaniment. Simple, clearly articulated harmonic plans; periodic phrasing; clearly portrayed forms based on contrast between themes, keys, stable and unstable passages, and between sections with different functions; and contrasts of mood, style, and figuration within movements as well as between them.
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Classical Music
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Music in the classical period that covers many centuries and styles. (Includes opera, oratorio, symphony, sonata, string quartet, and art song.)
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Classical Period
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In music history, the era from about 1730 to about 1815, between and overlapping the Baroque and Romantic Periods.
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Periodicity
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The quality of being periodic, especially when this is emphasized through frequent resting points and articulations between phrases and periods.
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Composition
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Two or more periods in succession.
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Periodic
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Organized in discrete phrases or periods.
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Heinrich Christoph Koch
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Wrote the book Versuch einer Anlietung zur Composition. (Introductory Essay on Composition) Compared music to rhetoric.
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Versuch einer Anlietung zur Composition
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(Introductory Essay on Composition) Published in three volumes. Written for amateurs who wanted to learn how to compose.
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Phrase
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A unit of melody or of an entire musical texture that has a distinct beginning and ending and is followed by a pause or other articulation but does not express a complete musical thought.
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Alberti Bass
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Broken-chord accompaniment common in the second half of the eighteenth century and named after Domenico Alberti, who used the figuration frequently.
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Form
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The shape or structure of a composition or movement.
