question

Linguistic anthropologists are well known for studying material culture

answer

False

question

The scientific method is an empirical research method in which data are gathered from observations of phenomena, hypotheses are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypothesis

answer

True

question

Artifacts are material objects from past cultures

answer

True

question

Terrestrial refers to organisms that live in water, not on land.

answer

False

question

The word hominin refers to humans and human-like ancestors

answer

True

question

Culture is defined as learned behavior that is genetically transmitted from person to person

answer

False

question

Morphology refers to physical shape and appearance

answer

True

question

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, according to Richard Dawkins it took Darwin 20 years (or and off) to fully develop his ideas on Natural Selection.

answer

True

question

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins takes a group of students to the beach and has them comb through rocks. What was he having these students look for?

answer

Fossils

question

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins notes that Darwin couldn't explain how variation wasn't lost through interbreeding. This is because Darwin didn't have an understanding of which of the following?

answer

Genetics

question

Bipedalism refers to walking for four feet

answer

False

question

The human genome includes an estimated 20,000 - 25,000 genes.

answer

True

question

Science is a self-correcting approach to knowledge acquisition.

answer

True

question

Social learning refers to the capacity to learn from other humans, enabling the accumulation of knowledge across many generations

answer

True

question

Culture is defined as learned behavior that is transmitted from person to person

answer

True

question

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, according to Richard Dawkins it took Darwin 20 years (or and off) to fully develop his ideas on Natural Selection.

answer

True

question

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins notes that Darwin studies the details of how different animals shared similarities in skeletal structure. Many organisms have the same bones, in the same order, which have been reshaped and resized based on their different ways of life.

answer

True

question

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins interviews prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya who possess genetic variation making them immune to which of the following sexually transmitted diseases:

answer

HIV

question

Chromosomes do not contain genes

answer

False

question

Natural selection is the process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population

answer

True

question

Habitat refers to the specific area of the natural environment in which an organism lives

answer

True

question

A species is a group of unrelated organisms that can interbreed and produce non-fertile, non-viable offspring

answer

False

question

The gene is the basic unit of inheritance

answer

True

question

Genotype refers to the phenotype of an organism (i.e., the combination of alleles for a given gene)

answer

False

question

Zoonosis is the transfer of a pathogen from other animals to humans

answer

True

question

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, a minister asks Richard Dawkins what the goal of evolution is. What was Dawkin's response?

answer

There is no goal of evolution

question

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, how does Richard Dawkins describe reciprocal altruism?

answer

You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours.

question

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins describes acts of altruism that occur in nature. How does Dawkins define altruism?

answer

Altruism is when an individual gives something to another, at a cost to themselves.

question

An allele is one or more alternative forms of a gene

answer

True

question

The evolutionary synthesis is a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

answer

True

question

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins indicates that the brightly colored plumage of the peacock is a product of which of the following factors?

answer

Sexual selection

question

Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes

answer

True

question

Mitosis is the process of cellular and nuclear division that creates four identical haploid daughter cells

answer

False

question

Mitochondria possess their own independent DNA

answer

True

question

Human males normally have an X and a Y chromosome

answer

True

question

Mitochondria do not possess their own independent DNA

answer

False

question

Recombination refers to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event

answer

True

question

Human males normally have two X chromosomes

answer

False

question

In the final 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Dawkins argues that since all life on Earth is built from the same DNA building blocks, this is evidence of our shared evolutionary history.

answer

True

question

In the final 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Darwin's tree of life is described. What does this tree of life mean?

answer

It means we are related to every living thing on the planet.

question

In the final 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Darwin's tree of life is described. Dawkins argues that the tree of life has been verified as fact by what?

answer

Our decoded DNA

question

Human females normally have an X and a Y chromosome

answer

False

question

Homologous refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome

answer

True

question

Autosomes refers to all chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells (not the gametes)

answer

True

question

Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles found in eukaryotic cells

answer

True

question

Locus is the location on a chromosome of a specific gene

answer

True

question

Sex chromosomes do not determine the organism's biological sex

answer

False

question

Charles Darwin developed the theory of Natural Selection

answer

True

question

Morphology refers to philosophical views on sociability

answer

False

question

Archaeology is:

answer

the study of the behavior and material culture of past human societies.

question

Human production of stone or lithic tools is an example of:

answer

material culture.

question

The results of a disadvantaged social environment include:

answer

poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.

question

Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because:

answer

it was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.

question

Forensic anthropologists who were called in to help with the 9/11 tragedy had to have a very good understanding of:

answer

human osteology.

question

Bipedalism in primates means:

answer

walking on two feet.

question

Franz Boas:

answer

united the study of culture, language, and biology within American anthropology.

question

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

answer

A theory is an explanation relying on careful examination and has been tested.

question

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism (i.e., the combination of alleles for a given gene)

answer

True

question

What are the three observations of natural selection?

answer

Organisms produce more offspring than survive, populations vary, and traits are inherited.

question

The presence of iridium in geologic deposits around the world supported the theory that:

answer

the impact of a giant meteor that struck the Earth produced mass extinctions of dinosaur species across the planet.

question

Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?

answer

He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research.

question

Traits that have a range of phenotypic expressions and show a continuum of variation are termed

answer

polymorphic.

question

The term evolution refers to:

answer

all answers listed are correct: -The process of speciation -Changes in the genetic make‐up of a population from one generation to the next. -Ongoing biological processes, including genetic changes within populations and the appearance of new species.

question

The English scientist who independently codiscovered the theory of natural selection was:

answer

Alfred Russell Wallace.

question

The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the:

answer

gene pool.

question

Science is considered self‐correcting because:

answer

all answers listed are correct: -hypothesis‐testing can result in rejection of previous hypotheses -theories can be modified or replaced subject to new findings -hypotheses are built on meticulous observation

question

Eukaryotes are multi-celled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles.

answer

True

question

Gametes can unite with a gamete of the opposite type to form a fertilized egg

answer

True

question

Gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes

answer

True

question

Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

answer

AO.

question

Somatic cells include all of the following except:

answer

gametes.

question

Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

uracil.

question

Transcription:

answer

occurs in the nucleus.

question

Homologous chromosomes:

answer

carry genetic information that influences the same trait.

question

DNA is important for protein synthesis because:

answer

all answers listed are correct: -it serves as a template for protein production. -it provides the code to produce structural proteins. -it is biological code for the production of hormones and enzymes.

question

Gametes are

answer

sexual reproductive cells

question

A trait's heritability:

answer

is the proportion of its variation that is genetic.

question

Microevolution is small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next

answer

True

question

Macroevolution is small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next

answer

False

question

A point mutation refers to the replacement of a single nitrogen base with another base, which may or mat not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes.

answer

True

question

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues.

answer

True

question

Evolution can best be defined as:

answer

a change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time.

question

The physical location of a gene within the genome is called the:

answer

locus.

question

Mutations to which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?

answer

sex cells (gametes)

question

Transposable elements are DNA sequences that:

answer

insert themselves into other parts of the genome.

question

When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of:

answer

macroevolution.

question

The type of selection that favored progressively larger brain size in human evolution is:

answer

directional selection.

question

A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as:

answer

genetic drift.

question

Franz Boas (1858-1942) was a German-American anthropologist pioneer and is considered the "Father of American Anthropology"

answer

True

question

Melanin acts as built-in sunscreen

answer

True

question

Sexual dimorphism refers to similarities in physical attributes of males and females of a species

answer

False

question

Natural selection has favored darker skin near equator where sunrays are most direct, and UV exposure is higher

answer

True

question

Stressors have been shown to increase likelihood of a premature birth or a stillborn infant.

answer

True

question

Melanin is a granular substance produced by specialized cells in the epidermis

answer

True

question

Life history refers to the timing and details of growth events and developmental events from conception through senescence and death.

answer

True

question

A cline:

answer

is continuous variation that follows a continuum.

question

Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in:

answer

Europe.

question

Cultural adaptation:

answer

involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

question

Spina bifida is a condition where the arch of one or more vertebrae fails to fuse and form a protective barrier around spinal cord

answer

True

question

Bergman's rule states that heat-adapted mammals will have long limbs, which maximize the body's surface area.

answer

False

question

Epiphysis refers to the bone shaft

answer

False

question

According to the course text, around age 6 the brain is fully grown

answer

True

question

Forensic anthropologists still use expertise in human variation to identify victims of war and crime

answer

True

question

The prenatal stage in humans consists of:

answer

trimesters.

question

Melanin:

answer

is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation.

question

Franz Boas:

answer

showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

question

Humans are capable of a "precision grip"

answer

True

question

Human life history elongated for almost all growth stages

answer

True

question

Nocturnal primates tend to have color vision, which helps them see bright fruits from a distance

answer

False

question

Chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs are monkeys

answer

False

question

Gorillas are the largest living primate

answer

True

question

Primate fingerprints aid in grip

answer

True

question

Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas are found in Europe and Asia

answer

False

question

A post-orbital bar and post-orbital closure are evidence of reliance on

answer

vision

question

Among all primates, humans have:

answer

the largest brain relative to body size.

question

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

answer

morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.

question

Primate mothers typically care for their offspring for a long period of time

answer

True

question

The word "primates" refers to monkeys, apes, and humans

answer

True

question

A primate with a dental formula of 2:1:2:3 has a total of 32 teeth in its mouth

answer

True

question

Primate dietary variation, reliance on vision, grasping hands and feet, and forward-facing eyes reflect adaptations to arboreal life

answer

True

question

Diurnal primates tend to have color vision, which helps them see bright fruits froma distance

answer

True

question

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:

answer

chimpanzees

question

Primates are characterized by:

answer

arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.

question

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

answer

morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.

question

Higher-ranking or more dominant primates are guaranteed to have higher reproductive success than lower-ranking individuals

answer

False

question

All attempts to teach apes American Sign Language have failed.

answer

False

question

Dominance hierarchies are systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another

answer

True

question

Virtually all nonhuman primate populations impacted by human hunting and habitat destruction

answer

True

question

Cultural behavior is learned

answer

True

question

Grooming serves to indicate submission or reassurance

answer

True

question

The prenatalperi group refers to the group in which an animal is born and raised

answer

False

question

Male reproductive strategies emphasize:

answer

competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

question

Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance:

answer

survival and reproduction.

question

Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?

answer

predation

question

Some colobines have special microbes and bacteria in the gut that assist in the digestion of leaves and plants

answer

True

question

Grooming is an example of an autonomic, or unintentional, response

answer

False

question

Primate home ranges might overlap with other primate groups, but the core areas do not overlap

answer

True

question

In some primates, estrus is accompanied by a large blue or green swelling

answer

False

question

On average, larger animals require fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals

answer

True

question

How do primates acquire food?

answer

through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies

question

Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:

answer

grunts, pants, and hoots.

question

Availability of food:

answer

can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall.

question

Sexual maturation or puberty is marked by:

answer

menarche in girls.

question

Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations:

answer

have short limbs and large bodies.

question

Rickets is the result of:

answer

a lack of vitamin D.

question

Stressors during the prenatal stage include:

answer

smoking, alcohol, and drugs.

question

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:

answer

full adult height is attained.

question

Osteoblasts are cells responsible for bone resorption

answer

False

question

A secular trend is a phenotypic change over time, due to multiple factors; such trends can be positive or negative.

answer

True

question

Polytypic refers to a species composed of populations that have the same expression of a trait

answer

False

question

Old World monkeys are also known as

answer

catarrhines

question

Colobine primates:

answer

have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.

question

A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back belongs to:

answer

an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.

question

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely:

answer

a New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.

question

What is the name for the moist, hairless, fleshy pad at end of nose seen in most mammals and some primitive primates

answer

rhinarium

question

Apes lack

answer

tails

question

The skeleton of a terrestrial quadruped typically includes which of the following

answer

All answers listed are correct -Feet usually work more like hands -Restricted shoulder joint -Shortened tail

question

African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:

answer

African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:

question

Primate mouths house different types of teeth such as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

answer

True

question

A dental formula is a numerical device that indicates number of each type of tooth in each quadrant (1/4th) of the mouth

answer

True

question

Sexual dimorphism:

answer

concerns differences in body size and canine size.

question

Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:

answer

reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in varying reproductive strategies.

question

The higher the social rank of a female primate the:

answer

greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.

question

Altruistic behavior:

answer

is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

question

Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of the following reasons does not explain why it exists in primate societies?

answer

Altruistic behavior is random.

question

Female reproductive strategies emphasize:

answer

caring for young and ensuring access to food

question

Dominance hierarchies usually serve to reduce the amount of physical violence

answer

True

question

Chimpanzees sometimes go termite fishing

answer

True

question

Primate males are generally dominant to females, but not always

answer

True

question

The earth's age is:

answer

About 4.6 billion years

question

The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:

answer

taphonomy.

question

Taphonomy is the study of:

answer

the processes that affect an organism after death.

question

Chemical analysis of the _________ can provide information on diets and habitats.

answer

bones and teeth

question

Eras are:

answer

divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

question

Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern parts of the continent. Why is this?

answer

These areas provided better preservation.

question

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:

answer

superposition.

question

Which of the following is NOT an ideal environment for fossilization?

answer

acidic soil (as in a jungle)

question

Radiometric methods are based on the principle that "parent" atoms of radioactive elements decay at a known rate into "daughter" atoms of another element

answer

True

question

Half-life refers to the time period in which half of the amount of a radioactive isotope is chemically converted into a daughter product

answer

True

question

Dendrochronology is another way of referring to Carbon dating

answer

False

question

Fossils are the remains of once-living organisms that have been chemically converted to stone, either partially or fully.

answer

True

question

One theory of primate evolution suggests forward-facing eyes, nails, and grasping hands would have been useful if primates were visually-directed predators.

answer

True

question

Soon after the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals experienced an adaptive radiation and diverged into the many different mammal orders found today.

answer

True

question

The Miocene epoch lasted from about 36 million years ago to 5 million years ago.

answer

False

question

Craniofacial morphology of Sivapithecus suggests it may be related to the modern day Orangutan.

answer

True

question

Hominoids are lesser apes, greater apes, and humans.

answer

True

question

The term "hominoids" includes generalized mammals like squirrels, raccoons, and mice.

answer

False

question

Proconsul is the best known genus from the Miocene and was highly successful as evidenced by numerous species in the fossil record.

answer

True

question

Hominoids, or apes, first appear in fossil record between _______ mya

answer

20-25

question

Proconsul is associated with which of the following traits/behaviors?

answer

All answers listed are correct -Monkey-like post-cranial skeleton -Lack of a tail -Ape-like skull and teeth

question

Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around:

answer

25 mya.

question

Hominoids, or apes, first appear in fossil record between 20-25 mya

answer

True

question

By calculating genetic distance, and using rate of change from molecular clock, researchers can estimate when two lineages diverged

answer

True

question

A species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets is:

answer

biologically diverse.

question

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

answer

orangutan

question

The discovery of Sahelanthropus tchadensis showed that bipedal hominins were less widely distributed than previously thought

answer

False

question

Pieces of a skull, spinal column, pelvis, femur, knee, ankle, or foot can all be used as evidence in reconstructing locomotion from bits of fossils, and determining whether these ancient individuals walked on two legs.

answer

True

question

Australopithecus boisei was a robust species with adaptations for heavy chewing

answer

True

question

Sahelanthropus tchadensis is dated to between 7 and 6 mya

answer

True

question

When looking at a robust australopithecine, you are likely to see evidence of attachment sites on the skull for large, strong chewing muscles.

answer

True

question

As a species, Australopithecus afarensis survived for more than 900,000 years.

answer

True

question

Prognathism refers to an anterior projection of the face

answer

True

question

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:

answer

4 mya.

question

The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:

answer

Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

question

Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:

answer

large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.

question

The Laetoli Footprints provide good evidence that bipedal hominins were present in Africa about 3.6 mya

answer

True

question

Australopithecus afarensis is the genus and species that "Lucy" belongs to

answer

True

question

Australopithecus boisei has the thickest dental enamel of any known early hominin

answer

False

question

In species that have one, the ____________ serves as an attachment site for the large temporal muscles

answer

sagittal crest

question

__________________ evolved first, then brain size increased, and toolmaking followed during hominin evolution

answer

Bipedal locomotion

question

Oldowan tools are based on ____ hammer percussion

answer

hard

question

Many H. erectus skulls have a sagittal crest.

answer

False

question

Cut marks on top of carnivore marks suggests hominin scavenging

answer

True

question

The temporalis muscle anchors to the sagittal keel of H. erectus specimens

answer

False

question

Stone artifact manufacture would have allowed hominins to butcher mammals that may have been acquired from hunting or scavenging

answer

True

question

Many of the stone tools recovered at the H. erectus site of Dmanisi are similar to the Oldowan industry from Africa

answer

True

question

All Dmanisi H. erectus crania have relatively large cranial capacities compared to what is expected for H. erectus

answer

False

question

All Dmanisi H. erectus crania have relatively small cranial capacities compared to what is expected for H. erectus

answer

True

question

Compared to previous species, H. erectus was:

answer

All answers listed are correct -Large bodied (robust) -Committed to a terrestrial habitat -More widely dispersed

question

Modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:

answer

relatively short arms and long legs.

question

Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by:

answer

all answers listed are correct -a rounder and larger skull. -a smaller face. -a bigger brain.

question

Acheulian stone tools are considered mode I tools.

answer

False

question

Homo habilis was definitely, without a doubt, the first stone tool maker

answer

False

question

Acheulian tool makers developed a new way to knock flakes from stone cores using "soft hammer" percussion

answer

True

question

According to taphonomists, when used on bone carnivore teeth leave a series of parallel grooves

answer

False

question

Oldowan tools show that hominins were inventing and adopting cultural solutions to problems

answer

True

question

A sagittal keel is present on many H. erectus skulls.

answer

True

question

Homo habilis had traits that include:

answer

short legs.

question

Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:

answer

a larger brain.

question

Modern human populations outside of Africa possess 1-4% of distinctive Neandertal DNA

answer

True

question

There is good evidence that Neandertals buried their dead and included grave goods like animal bones and stone tools

answer

True

question

Some Neandertals were buried in a flexed position

answer

True

question

The Out-of-Africa model argues that that archaic Homo evolved into modern Homo sapiens solely in Africa, around 200,000 years ago

answer

False

question

Denisovians are thought to have shared a very recent ancestor with Homo floresiensis (i.e. "the Hobbit")

answer

False

question

Denisovians are thought to have shared an ancestor with Neandertals.

answer

True

question

DNA has been extracted from a finger bone and molar tooth, which indicates there was another contemporary hominin present 50,000 to 30,000 years ago. This species is currently referred to as "Denisovians"

answer

True

question

To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in:

answer

Europe.

question

Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiens may have evolved approximately:

answer

200,000 yBP.

question

If I were to argue that all of human evolution has been within a single continuous human species, then this would mean that I favor the

answer

Regional Continuity Model: Multiregional Evolution

question

The remains of animal bones at archaic Homo sites demonstrate that they were successful hunters

answer

True

question

The Out-Of-Africa model argues that human species first arose ~2 mya and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species

answer

False

question

Patterns of trauma in Neandertal remains match those of contemporary dancers, indicating close proximity to prey

answer

False

question

The remains of animal bones at Neandertal sites demonstrate that Neandertals were successful hunters

answer

True

question

Shanidar I is a skeleton of a male who lived to be 30-45 years old who had numerous injuries that would have altered his quality of life. These injuries are so severe that some suggest he was crippled and only could have lived within a social group that helped care for him.

answer

True

question

The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _________ tools which Neandertals produced.

answer

Mousterian

question

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?

answer

the hyoid

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