Combo with K12 – History – Flashcards
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When did Homo sapiens first appear?
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200,000 B.C.
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Which method for determining the age of artifacts measures the rate of decay in atoms in volcanic rock?
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potassium-argon dating
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What caused prehistoric people to drastically change the way they lived?
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climate change
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What did improved farming techniques lead to?
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division of labor
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Which best defines history?
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study of the human past and the story of change over time
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Which kind of scholar studies objects left behind by humans?
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archaeologist
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What does the out of Africa theory maintain?
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Modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
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Which of these characteristics is not true of early hunter-gatherers?
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They traded extensively with other communities.
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What was the Neolithic Revolution?
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a time when humans turned from hunting and gathering to farming
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What happened as a result of humans settling down into agricultural villages?
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Social roles and work definition began to change.
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Why did a division of labor occur when people started to produce a surplus of food?
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People were left with time to do other jobs.
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Which was one result of the domestication of animals?
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new division of labor between men and women
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Which describes a characteristic of civilization?
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trade and economic activity
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Where did Sumerian priests make offerings to the Sumerian gods and goddesses?
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ziggurats
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What effect did the invention of writing have in the ancient world?
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Information and culture spread to new places.
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The invention of bronze in ancient Sumer was so significant because it __________.
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improved agriculture and gave rulers more power
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Which is a reason Sumer declined as a civilization?
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Sumerian rulers fought to gain territory.
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When the flooding waters of the Nile receded, what did they leave behind?
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rich, black soil
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Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?
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to preserve the bodies for use in the afterlife
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Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?
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Menes Narmer
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What did scholars study to help them decipher hieroglyphics?
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Rosetta Stone
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How were scholars able to translate hieroglyphic symbols?
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By comparing a message written in both hieroglyphics and Greek, scholars were able to translate the hieroglyphic symbols.
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Which was a first step in the development of civilizations in both the Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies?
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development of irrigation
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Which river is associated with the settlement of ancient Egypt?
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Nile
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Who was the most powerful person in Egyptian society and government?
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the pharaoh
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Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?
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to preserve the bodies for use in the afterlife
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What is the Rosetta Stone?
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a carved stone that helped decode hieroglyphics
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What was the purpose of the Book of the Dead?
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to help people in their passage to the afterlife
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Which best describes the Indus Valley civilization?
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organizing cities well
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From where did the soil in the Indus Valley receive its rich silt?
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Indus River
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Which most likely contributed to the decline of the Indus Valley civilization?
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outbreak of disease
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Why don't we have more information about the Indus Valley civilization?
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Archaeologists and historians have been unable to decipher the Indus Valley writing.
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Which was a result of the physical geography of ancient China?
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isolation from other early civilizations
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Why did the Yellow River flood so frequently?
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The river carried enormous amounts of silt.
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What is a dynasty?
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a ruling family that remains in power for many years
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Which legendary dynasty was started by Yu?
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Xia
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On what did Shang priests write questions for the gods?
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bones
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Which New Kingdom pharaoh outlawed the worship of many gods and established a new religion with one, all-powerful god?
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Amenhotep IV
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How were many of the New Kingdom pharaohs able to undertake such enormous building projects?
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They used slave labor and the wealth they gained from tribute and trade.
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Which is the best definition for empire?
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an area or political unit in which formerly independent states are under the control of one ruler
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Which was the most common method empire builders used to unite vast territories?
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military conquest
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How did Sargon raise money to pay his army and buy the loyalty of his supporters?
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by controlling trade routes and taxing merchants
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What was the significance of the Code of Hammurabi?
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The laws were displayed throughout the empire for all to see.
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Why did the Hittites migrate from central Asia to Mesopotamia?
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They needed more land for growing populations.
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Which pharaoh undertook enormous building projects, including Abu Simbel?
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Ramses II
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Which pharaoh established a new religion with one, new, all-powerful god?
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Amenhotep IV
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What did an abundant supply of slaves and the wealth from tribute, plunder, and trade allow Egyptian pharaohs and other rulers to do?
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build huge monuments and temples and develop infrastructure
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Which group of people conquered Egypt's New Kingdom, but kept many Egyptian customs?
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Kushites
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How did Darius of Persia maintain control over his empire?
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He divided it into provinces and assigned satraps to govern them.
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Which empire builder used tolerance to help maintain control over his empire?
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Cyrus
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Why did the Persian Empire decline in power?
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Fights for the royal throne broke out and governors stopped following orders.
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Which statement about Persian culture is true?
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The Persians adopted whatever they found useful from other cultures.
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Which were achievements of the Chaldean Empire?
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Ishtar Gate; precise observations of the stars
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In which way were the Assyrian and Persian empires alike?
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They were both divided into provinces and had systems of communication.
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Most scholars and scientists agree that modern humans originated on which continent?
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Africa
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When did descendants of modern-day humans first appear?
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around 200,000 B.C.
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Which scholar studies artifacts objects left behind by humans or human ancestors?
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archaeologist
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Which method do scientists use to track evolutionary changes over time?
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DNA analysis
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Which most directly helped early humans develop agriculture?
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access to water
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Why were the people in early farming communities able to focus on different kinds of work?
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Improved farming techniques resulted in food surpluses.
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Which best describes a result of division of labor in early farming communities?
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Social roles began to change.
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What did trade and interaction between villages result in?
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greater knowledge
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Which is a characteristic of civilization?
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trade and economic activity
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Why were early clans of hunter-gatherers not considered civilizations?
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They did not have division of labor.
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Why did the world's first civilizations develop in river valleys?
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The land in river valleys supported agriculture.
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Which civilization built ziggurats and used cuneiform to record information?
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Mesopotamia
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Which civilization built pyramids and mummified their rulers?
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Egypt
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Why is the Code of Hammurabi such an important factor in the development of empires?
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Everyone in the empire could see the laws.
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Which New Kingdom pharaoh built several large temples and monuments, including Abu Simbel?
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Ramses II
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What is the New Kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) known for?
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establishing a new, monotheistic religion
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Which civilization put home and family at the center of life and produced silk cloth?
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China
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Which describes accomplishments of the Persian Empire?
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using governors and an infrastructure to maintain control
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Which empire's accomplishments include the Ishtar Gate, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and a knowledge of astronomy and medicine?
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Chaldean
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Which empire, forged by Hammurabi, produced the first code of laws available for all to see?
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Babylonian
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Which was not a method used by early empire builders to gain and maintain power?
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building new temples
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Which two groups migrated into modern-day Turkey and Iran from what is now southern Russia and later formed empires?
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Hittites and Aryans
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Which best describes why the Neolithic Revolution was such an important turning point in history?
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People began to control their physical environment for the first time.
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Who helped make Mali into a great Muslim Empire and transformed Timbuktu into a center of art and learning?
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Mansa Musa
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Which was a valued export from Songhai?
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slaves
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Which of these cultures was not located in West Africa?
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Swahili
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Which resource helped make Ghana wealthy?
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gold
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Which sentence best describes a way in which the cultures of East and West Africa were different?
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West Africa was dominated by large kingdoms and East Africa was dominated by small societies.
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What was the source of Great Zimbabwe's wealth?
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Zimbabwe controlled trade routes that flowed to the East African coast.
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How did Arab traders play a primary role in the development of East Africa?
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Arab traders introduced Islam to Africa.
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What was a key cause of the expansion of the African slave trade after 1500?
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the demand for laborers in European colonies in the Western Hemisphere
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Which Muslim empire was the largest in the world at its time, and continued to be a significant force even into the early twentieth century?
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Ottoman
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What was a characteristic of the Mughal ruler Akbar in terms of his attitude toward religion?
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He practiced tolerance and inclusion, and invited religious debates.
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Which Muslim empire became the largest empire of its time?
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Ottoman
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Which Muslim empire blended Arab, Persian, and Indian influences to form a unique culture?
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Mughal
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What action by Ming emperors greatly improved the transport of agricultural goods in China?
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rebuilding of the Grand Canal
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Which group overthrew the Ming Dynasty but left traditional systems in place to control the people of China?
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the Manchu
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Which sentence best describes a result of China's isolation from foreign contact?
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China did not keep up with the technological advances that were sweeping Europe.
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What role did the emperor play in the feudal system under the Tokugawa Shogunate?
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He was a puppet of the shogun.
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Why did the Tokugawa Shogunate close Japan to foreign influence?
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The shogunate feared European powers might eventually try to control Japan.
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Which was the most important factor in Ghana's rise?
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the gold-for-salt trade
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Which best describes Timbuktu?
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a center of Islamic learning in Africa
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Which best describes Songhai under Askia Muhammad?
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a powerful trading empire that stretched from the Atlantic Ocean across much of West Africa
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Which does not describe all three kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai?
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They built large cities in the West African rain forest.
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Which best describes the increase in the African slave trade after the fifteenth century?
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the arrival of the Portuguese on the coast of Benin
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Which best explains the spread of culture along East Africa's Swahili coast?
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African culture mingled with traditions carried by Arab traders.
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Which religion had a major influence on East African cultures after being brought there by foreign traders?
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Islam
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Which best describes the origins of the African slave trade?
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The Portuguese were the first to capture Africans and sell them as slaves.
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Which is the best explanation of Great Zimbabwe's rise to power?
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Zimbabwe controlled the region's ivory and gold trade.
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Which is not a possible explanation of Great Zimbabwe's decline?
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the end of the slave trade
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What key feature helped the Ottoman military defeat other armies in the region?
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highly disciplined janissaries
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Which was a result of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453?
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The city became an Islamic capital.
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Which best describes a result of Emperor Süleyman's reforms of Ottoman law?
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Religious freedom was allowed, with a tax for non-Muslims.
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Which is not an explanation for the conflict between Ottomans and the Safavids?
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the fall of Constantinople
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Which allowed Akbar to govern the many people of the Mughal Empire?
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religious tolerance and inclusion
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Which represents a high point of achievement in Mughal architecture?
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the Taj Mahal
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Which was a positive change that occurred in China because of Ming Dynasty policies?
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increased agricultural output
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Which was not a key achievement of the Ming Dynasty?
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the expansion of China's borders
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Which allowed the Manchu of the Qing Dynasty to control China's people?
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They retained traditional Chinese institutions.
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Which was a result of China's isolation from the rest of the world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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China's technology fell behind Europe's.
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Which was a step that China's rulers took to limit contact with the outside world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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They allowed foreign traders only in select ports.
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Which best explains the Tokugawa Shogunate's rise to power in Japan?
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The shogunate achieved military success by using gunpowder.
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Which group ranked just below the shogun in Japan's feudal system?
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daimyo
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Which led Japan's Tokugawa shoguns to adopt a policy of isolation?
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the rapid spread of Christianity
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Which was not a result of Japan's isolation during the seventeenth century?
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Japan lost all knowledge of European advances.
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What did the Tang Dynasty do that helped conserve the traditional values of Confucianism?
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It revived the civil service examination system of the Han.
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Which of the following was not an innovation or invention of the Tang and Song dynasties?
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glass lenses for telescopes
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Which dynasty did Kublai Khan establish in China in 1279?
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Yuan
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Which correctly describes the extent of the Mongol Empire at its height?
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It stretched from eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean.
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What did the Tang Dynasty do to try and make the government more efficient and effective?
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brought back the civil service examination system
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What form of literature flourished under the Tang Dynasty?
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poetry
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Which best describes the rising prosperity under the Song Dynasty?
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An emphasis on agriculture and trade resulted in a better life for most.
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Which would most likely be the subject matter of a Song Dynasty painting?
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a detailed landscape of a mountain valley
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Which is not an example of a technological achievement of the Song Dynasty?
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waterwheel for irrigation
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What was the Silk Road?
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a vast network of trade routes that stretched across central Asia
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The Silk Road was responsible for the movement of all of the following except __________.
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democracy
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How did the native people of Mongolia live?
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as nomadic herdsmen
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Which best explains how the Mongols under Genghis Khan were able to establish and maintain a large empire?
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They were skilled horsemen who adopted new military technologies and used terror as a weapon.
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Which describes a lasting legacy of the Mongol Empire?
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the introduction of Islam into central Asia
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Which is not an example of China's influence on early Korea and Japan?
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Japanese and Korean governments were true meritocracies.
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How did Japan's geography influence its inhabitants?
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Many Japanese earned their living from the sea.
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Which was not something the aristocracy did during the Heian period?
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produced beautiful pottery and jewelry
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Which group in Japan's feudal hierarchy was awarded land and was responsible for providing soldiers to fight in wars?
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daimyo
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Who was the first Germanic king to convert to what is now known as Catholicism?
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Clovis
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Who was proclaimed the new "emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III in the year 800?
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Charlemagne
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Which was not a way that Charlemagne promoted learning and education in Europe?
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by defeating Germanic invaders
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What happened to Charlemagne's empire after the death of his son?
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The empire was divided among Charlemagne's three grandsons.
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What was the purpose of the code of chivalry?
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to prevent lawlessness
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Who usually administered special church ceremonies, called sacraments?
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village priests
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During the early Middle Ages in Europe, who was subject to canon law?
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everybody
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Which is not an example of something the church used to influence medieval society?
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the Eddas
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Which is not true of the Church's role in the everyday life of most Europeans during the Middle Ages?
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The church left education and learning to town officials.
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Which is a reform the church made during the eleventh and twelfth centuries?
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The church no longer allowed secular rulers to choose the pope.
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Which statement best describes how the Crusades affected the relationship between Muslims and Christians?
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The Crusades increased the bitterness and mistrust between the people of the two faiths.
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Which statement describes one change that occurred in Europe during and after the Crusades?
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The feudal system further eroded and a new middle class made up of tradesmen and merchants emerged.
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Which institution kept learning alive in Europe during the Middle Ages?
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the Christian church
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How did the architecture of a Gothic cathedral reflect medieval values?
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It helped worshippers learn Christian stories and feel closer to God.
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What was the goal of the Crusades?
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to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims
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Which statement describes how the Crusades affected the relationship between Christians of the East and West?
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The Crusades increased the divide between the two groups.
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How was education and learning preserved in Europe during the early Middle Ages?
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The Christian church preserved libraries and taught monks and others to read and write.
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What was a key goal of cathedral architecture in the late Middle Ages?
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to help people feel closer to God
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What did William I do to increase his power in England?
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He ordered a survey that enabled him to tax and govern his country effectively.
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How did Henry II improve the English legal system?
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He made sure legal rulings were written down so future judges had guidelines they could follow.
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Magna Carta set England on a different path from France and other European monarchies. Based on this statement and your knowledge, how did the distribution of power in medieval England differ from that of medieval France?
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It limited the power of the English king.
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How did the distribution of power in medieval England differ from that of medieval France?
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France did not develop an institution that could limit the power of the king.
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What do most historians think was the source of the Black Death?
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a bacteria carried in fleas on rats
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How did the Black Death affect the population of Europe?
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It killed more than one-third of the population.
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What accusations did reformers in the late 1300s make against the church?
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They accused the church and the clergy of corruption and materialism.
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What two nations were the key participants in the Hundred Years' War?
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England and France
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Which statement best describes a factor that helped bring Europe to the brink of change by the end of the Hundred Years' War?
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A series of crises had accelerated the end feudalism in Europe.
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Which best describes China during the Tang Dynasty?
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a golden age of stability and achievement
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Under the Song Dynasty, farmers in China could use money instead of crops to pay their taxes. Which was the result?
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Most farmers prospered.
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Which is not an invention from the Tang and Song dynasties in China?
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silk
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Which was an important result of the trade of many goods on the Silk Road?
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exchange of inventions and ideas
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Which describes the Mongols' rise to power?
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They conquered large parts of Asia under Genghis Khan.
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How large was the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan?
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It stretched from the Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe.
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Which culture had the most influence on the development of society in Japan?
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Chinese
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Which is a description of a shogun in feudal Japan?
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military dictator
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Which was a major event associated with Kublai Khan?
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the invasion of Japan in 1274
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Which was the result of barbarian invasions against the Western Roman Empire?
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the weakening of Roman law and government
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Which Germanic tribe emerged as the strongest following the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
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Franks
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Which king became the first Germanic ruler to convert to what is now known as Catholicism?
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Clovis
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Which helped the spread of both Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity?
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monasticism
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Which was an important contribution of Benedict of Nursia?
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founding a new monastic community and set of guidelines
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What did Charlemagne do to try to unify western Europe after defeating the Saxons?
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He forced the Saxons to convert to Christianity.
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What happened to Charlemagne's empire after the death of his son?
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The empire was divided among Charlemagne's grandsons.
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Under Europe's feudal system, which people were tied to the land they worked, unable to leave without permission?
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serfs
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Which was supposed to prevent lawlessness and skirmishes between knights in Europe's feudal system?
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the code of chivalry
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Which best describes the influence of the church on medieval society?
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It influenced nearly every aspect of daily life.
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What did Pope Urban II hope to accomplish when he called for the First Crusade in 1095?
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recapturing the Holy Land
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Which leaders battled each other during the Third Crusade?
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Richard I and Saladin
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In which way did the Crusades have a positive effect on medieval Europe?
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Crusaders returned to Europe with new ideas.
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Which was an attempt to form a bridge between the philosophy of Aristotle and the teachings of the Christian church?
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scholasticism
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Which is Thomas Aquinas famous for?
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being a great scholastic philosopher
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How did the architecture of Gothic cathedrals reflect the importance of religion in medieval Europe
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It was designed to lift the gaze toward heaven and fill the mind with thoughts of God.
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What was the Domesday Book?
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a survey of every town in England for tax purposes
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Why did Adulis become such an important center of trade?
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It was located on the Red Sea.
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It was located on the Red Sea.
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Chinese
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How did the climate or geography of North Africa change between 10,000 B.C. and 1000 B.C.?
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Rainfall gradually diminished and areas that were once grassy and forested became deserts.
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What social structure was the foundation of Africa's earliest villages?
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the extended family, or clan
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What were two factors that caused the Bantu migrations?
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desertification and depletion of the soil
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What was the primary basis of Aksum's wealth?
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They controlled extensive trade routes that connected many cultures.
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What was a key reason for the growth of the Maya culture?
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Mastery of agricultural techniques helped create a food surplus, which spurred a growth in population.
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Which of the following is an element of Maya culture?
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Maya cities were well-planned urban centers with roads, reservoirs, palaces, temples, and private homes.
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How did Byzantium's (Constantinople's) location help the city economically?
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It was a trade center conveniently located between Asia and Europe.
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The Byzantine emperor was determined to extend Byzantine power across the __________.
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Mediterranean Sea
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Who was Theodora?
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the empress who shared power with Justinian and worked on behalf of women and the poor
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Which describes a major reason Constantine moved his capital to Byzantium?
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He chose Byzantium for its strategic location.
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Who was Justinian's most trusted adviser?
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Empress Theodora
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Which describes Justinian's Code?
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a set of laws
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Which cathedral did Justinian have built in Constantinople?
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Hagia Sophia
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Which best describes Byzantine culture?
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It was a blend of Greco-Roman and Persian cultures.
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Which best describes Justinian?
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a powerful Byzantine emperor who reorganized the law and rebuilt Constantinople
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Which of the following does not describe Byzantine culture?
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It never spread beyond the borders of the Byzantine Empire.
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Which group invaded the Slavic homeland beginning in the ninth century?
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Varangians
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What did Vladimir, prince of Kiev, do in 988 to help unify his people?
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He converted to Orthodox Christianity.
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Which best describes the influence of Byzantine culture on Russian culture?
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It led to a flowering of art, literature, and architecture.
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Which best describes the Golden Horde?
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a group of Mongols who controlled Russian territory for more than 200 years
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Which is not true about Ivan the Great?
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He promised continued allegiance and tribute to the Tatar rulers of Russia.
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Where was Muhammad born?
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Mecca
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Muslims consider Muhammad to be a __________.
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prophet
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When Muhammad began preaching to Arabs about Allah, what did he urge them to do?
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practice justice, charity, and peace
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The words and teachings of Muhammad were collected into a single book called the _________.
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Qur'an
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What are the religious duties of Muslims called?
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Five Pillars of Islam
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Which city did Muhammad return to and declare the holiest city in Islam?
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Mecca
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What is an Islamic religious center, or place of worship, called?
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mosque
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What connection does Islam have with Judaism and Christianity?
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The God of Muslims, Christians, and Jews is one and the same.
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What caused Islam to split into the Sunni and Shia branches?
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the question of who should lead Muslims
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All are true about the Umayyad Caliphate except __________.
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it forced people it conquered to convert to Islam
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Which two groups of people did Arabs share power with under the Abbasid Dynasty?
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Persians and Turks
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What result did the vast network of trade routes have on the Muslim Empire?
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Islam spread and Muslims absorbed the legacies of Greek, Chinese, and Indian thought.
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All of the following are true regarding expectations in Muslim families except __________.
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women should have several husbands
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What did every neighborhood in Muslim cities have?
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a mosque
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Which was a major contribution of Muslim culture to the study of medicine?
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Ibn Sina's book, the Canon of Medicine
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Muslim achievements include all of the following except __________.
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inventing the arch
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What made inland travel and trade difficult in Greece?
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mountainous terrain
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Which of the following best describes a Greek polis?
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a capital city with its surrounding countryside and villages
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Which cultural element below did Greeks city-states not share?
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government
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Who were the Mycenaeans?
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Indo-Europeans who migrated to Greece
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Which describes the geography of Greece?
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rugged mountains
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Which describes Zeus?
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king of the gods
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What is the Iliad about?
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the Trojan War
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Which polis is considered the birthplace of democracy?
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Athens
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What happened at the Battle of Marathon?
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the Athenians defeated the Persians.
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How did the people of Athens feel after the Persian Wars?
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proud and confident
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Which war was fought between Sparta and Athens?
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the Peloponnesian War
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How did Sparta turn the tide in its war against Athens?
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by forming an alliance with Persia
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What occurred in Greece following the decline of the Mycenaean kingdoms?
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a dark age
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Which does not describe Athens?
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a place where the people focused so exclusively on war that they had little time for cultural pursuits
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Why did the Persians go to war against Athens?
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They wanted to punish the Athenians for supporting the Ionian revolt.
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Which does not describe Pericles?
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a ruthless leader ostracized by the citizens of Athens
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Which is an accurate statement about Greek art and architecture?
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Greek art and architecture are characterized by order, symmetry, and balance.
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Which major theme did Aeschylus explore in many of his plays?
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hubris, or excessive pride
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What is Herodotus best known for?
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He is called the father of history because he was the first writer who did research to determine the facts about historical events.
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Which temple is considered the best example of the Greek ideals of order and balance in architecture?
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the Parthenon
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Who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey?
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Homer
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What did Herodotus and Thucydides establish as a field of study?
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history
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Who analyzed different forms of government in the Republic?
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Plato
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Why was Plato skeptical about democracy?
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He believed uneducated masses could not make good decisions.
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Who is known as the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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What two civilizations did Alexander the Great conquer as he built his empire?
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Egypt and Persia
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Which explains why Hellenistic culture spread so widely in the centuries following Alexander's death?
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Rome adopted many Greek cultural elements, which spread during its conquests.
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Which best describes a major cause of the Punic Wars?
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Rome wanted to keep Carthage from completely taking over Sicily.
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Which describes a change that occurred in Rome about 100 B.C.?
answer
patricians were becoming wealthier and plebeians were becoming poorer.
question
How was the early Roman Republic founded?
answer
Patricians overthrew an Etruscan king.
question
Which members of Roman society were a minority, but held most of the power in the early Roman Republic?
answer
patricians
question
What was Rome's first set of written laws called?
answer
Twelve Tables
question
Into how many branches was the government of the early Roman Republic divided?
answer
3
question
What did Romans value the most during the early republic?
answer
duty to the state
question
Which best describes why Rome went to war with Carthage?
answer
Rome was concerned that Carthage wanted to extend its empire into Italy.
question
Which general crossed the Alps to attack Rome from the north?
answer
Hannibal
question
Which was a condition that existed in Rome around 100 B.C. that contributed to the eventual downfall of the republic?
answer
a widening gap between the rich and the poor
question
How was Julius Caesar able to defy the Senate, cross the Rubicon, and engage in a civil war with his enemies?
answer
He had amassed a large, loyal personal army.
question
As Rome's first dictator, which did Caesar achieve?
answer
lowered taxes and gave food and land to the poor
question
Who came to power after the death of Julius Caesar and eventually became Rome's first emperor?
answer
Octavian
question
Actions by which body resulted in the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire?
answer
Senate
question
Which achievements during the Pax Romana helped unify the empire?
answer
the standardization of language, coinage, weights and measures, and law
question
What was a significant result of the Pax Romana?
answer
Roman culture thrived and spread throughout the empire.
question
How did Roman emperors try to keep Roman citizens happy?
answer
They hosted entertainment and gave away free grain, oil, and wine.
question
Who is considered Rome's greatest poet?
answer
Virgil
question
Which are examples of Roman achievements?
answer
invention of the dome and concrete
question
Christianity had its beginnings in which Roman province?
answer
Judea
question
Who first despised the Christian movement, but then later traveled to preach Jesus' message?
answer
Paul
question
What did Constantine do that helped spread Christianity?
answer
made Christianity a legally recognized faith
question
Which was NOT true of the early Christian Church?
answer
Christian communities spread across the Roman world, but all followed a clear theology.
question
Which was a problem that the Roman Empire faced after A.D. 200?
answer
a lack of strong leadership
question
What did Diocletian do in an attempt to address the problems the Roman Empire was facing?
answer
He divided the empire into two sections.
question
Which was the primary reason that the Western Roman Empire fell?
answer
invading tribes of barbarians
question
Which is considered Rome's greatest legacy?
answer
ideas about law
question
Who is considered the father of the Hebrew people?
answer
Abraham
question
What was a major difference between the religion of the early Hebrews and the religions of other early cultures such as the Sumerians and Egyptians?
answer
The Hebrews believed in one all-powerful god who was present everywhere.
question
How did the Minoans and Phoenicians influence the cultures surrounding the Mediterranean Sea?
answer
They established sea trade routes, which helped in the spread of ideas and goods.
question
Who is considered the patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?
answer
Abraham
question
What was a primary difference between Judaism and the belief systems of other early cultures?
answer
The Hebrews believed in one god who was all powerful.
question
What sacred writings contain the religious beliefs of Judaism, including the Ten Commandments?
answer
Torah
question
Which of the following best describes ethical monotheism?
answer
belief in one god who requires people to be just and kind
question
Into what four castes was Hindu society clearly divided?
answer
priests and educated people; warriors; merchants; workers
question
What sacred writings contain the religious beliefs of Hinduism?
answer
Vedas
question
What was Siddhartha Gautama looking for when he set out on his spiritual quest?
answer
the meaning behind suffering
question
Where did Buddhists build tall, multileveled towers called pagodas?
answer
Japan and China
question
What religion did Asoka convert to?
answer
Buddhism
question
Regarding religion, how were the Mauryan and Gupta empires alike?
answer
They both showed tolerance for other religions.
question
Which is a key belief of Buddhism?
answer
The cause of all suffering is desire.
question
Where did Buddhism spread in the centuries following the Buddha's death?
answer
Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and eastern Asia
question
What must happen for historians to consider a particular time in a civilization a classical period?
answer
The civilization must make extraordinary achievements in areas such as art and science.
question
For what is Asoka mainly known?
answer
promoting the Buddhist faith
question
Which empire or dynasty invented the zero, knew the earth rotated around its axis, and sponsored the work of authors writing in Sanskrit?
answer
Gupta
question
Which empire or dynasty introduced the concept of the mandate of heaven, made great advances in iron technology, and invented a new form of portable money?
answer
Zhou
question
Which best describes Confucianism?
answer
a system of ethics that deals with morals and values in human conduct
question
Which best describes the influence of Confucianism?
answer
It became a dominant philosophy in at least one-third of the world.
question
Which religion or philosophy focused on the individual's place in nature and the universe?
answer
Daoism
question
How did Buddhism begin to spread outside of India during the Mauryan Empire?
answer
Asoka sent missionaries abroad to spread Buddhism.
question
What resulted from the technological accomplishments of the Qin Dynasty?
answer
China became more politically and economically unified.
question
How did Liu Bang's methods of ruling the empire differ from the methods used by the Qin Dynasty?
answer
He was more lenient and was guided by Confucian ideals.
question
Which empire or dynasty emphasized unity of the empire, had government officials who had to pass a test, and saw the opening of the Silk Road?
answer
Han
question
Which is an example of an extraordinary achievement accomplished during China's golden age?
answer
the invention of paper
question
Which does not accurately describe Minoan civilization?
answer
It left behind no artifacts for archaeologists to study.
question
Which is a Phoenician invention that influenced the Western world?
answer
the alphabet
question
Which Hebrew leader guided his people out of Egypt?
answer
Moses
question
Which does not accurately describe the religion of early Hebrews?
answer
They believed in many gods and goddesses, associated with nature.
question
Which is a Jewish holy book?
answer
Torah
question
Which is India's major religion?
answer
Hinduism
question
In India's caste system, which group was considered the lowest caste?
answer
Shudras
question
Which best describes the term classical period?
answer
a period of great achievements in art, science, religion, philosophy, and politics
question
What was Siddhartha Gautama seeking when he began his spiritual journey?
answer
an explanation for human suffering
question
Which is not a part of Buddhist religious teachings?
answer
the Analects
question
What happened following the death of the Buddha?
answer
Buddhist missionaries spread the new faith, first to Sri Lanka.
question
What was similar about the Mauryan and Gupta empires?
answer
Both treated other religions with tolerance.
question
Which Mauryan ruler converted to Buddhism?
answer
Asoka
question
What is not an achievement of the Gupta Empire during India's golden age?
answer
paper
question
Which best describes the "mandate of heaven"?
answer
the Zhou Dynasty's justification for its leadership
question
Which was the most important relationship, according to Confucius?
answer
between parent and child
question
In Confucianism, which is not a feature of the ideal ruler?
answer
absolute power
question
Which belief system gave us the yin-yang circle?
answer
Daoism
question
Who took the title "The First Emperor"?
answer
Qin Shi Huangdi
question
Which is not a way the first ruler of the Qin Dynasty maintained control over his empire?
answer
He tolerated opposing views.
question
Which empire or dynasty witnessed the invention of paper?
answer
Han
question
In conducting Internet research, which is not a factor in evaluating an online source?
answer
Internet connection speed
question
When did Homo sapiens first appear?
answer
200,000 B.C.
question
Which method for determining the age of artifacts measures the rate of decay in atoms in volcanic rock?
answer
potassium-argon dating
question
What caused prehistoric people to drastically change the way they lived?
answer
climate change
question
What did improved farming techniques lead to?
answer
division of labor
question
Which best defines history?
answer
study of the human past and the story of change over time
question
Which kind of scholar studies objects left behind by humans?
answer
archaeologist
question
What does the out of Africa theory maintain?
answer
Modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
question
Which of these characteristics is not true of early hunter-gatherers?
answer
They traded extensively with other communities.
question
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
answer
a time when humans turned from hunting and gathering to farming
question
What happened as a result of humans settling down into agricultural villages?
answer
Social roles and work definition began to change.
question
Why did a division of labor occur when people started to produce a surplus of food?
answer
People were left with time to do other jobs.
question
Which was one result of the domestication of animals?
answer
new division of labor between men and women
question
Which describes a characteristic of civilization?
answer
trade and economic activity
question
Where did Sumerian priests make offerings to the Sumerian gods and goddesses?
answer
ziggurats
question
What effect did the invention of writing have in the ancient world?
answer
Information and culture spread to new places.
question
The invention of bronze in ancient Sumer was so significant because it __________.
answer
improved agriculture and gave rulers more power
question
Which is a reason Sumer declined as a civilization?
answer
Sumerian rulers fought to gain territory.
question
When the flooding waters of the Nile receded, what did they leave behind?
answer
rich, black soil
question
Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?
answer
to preserve the bodies for use in the afterlife
question
Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?
answer
Menes Narmer
question
What did scholars study to help them decipher hieroglyphics?
answer
Rosetta Stone
question
How were scholars able to translate hieroglyphic symbols?
answer
By comparing a message written in both hieroglyphics and Greek, scholars were able to translate the hieroglyphic symbols.
question
Which was a first step in the development of civilizations in both the Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies?
answer
development of irrigation
question
Which river is associated with the settlement of ancient Egypt?
answer
Nile
question
Who was the most powerful person in Egyptian society and government?
answer
the pharaoh
question
Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?
answer
to preserve the bodies for use in the afterlife
question
What is the Rosetta Stone?
answer
a carved stone that helped decode hieroglyphics
question
What was the purpose of the Book of the Dead?
answer
to help people in their passage to the afterlife
question
Which best describes the Indus Valley civilization?
answer
organizing cities well
question
From where did the soil in the Indus Valley receive its rich silt?
answer
Indus River
question
Which most likely contributed to the decline of the Indus Valley civilization?
answer
outbreak of disease
question
Why don't we have more information about the Indus Valley civilization?
answer
Archaeologists and historians have been unable to decipher the Indus Valley writing.
question
Which was a result of the physical geography of ancient China?
answer
isolation from other early civilizations
question
Why did the Yellow River flood so frequently?
answer
The river carried enormous amounts of silt.
question
What is a dynasty?
answer
a ruling family that remains in power for many years
question
Which legendary dynasty was started by Yu?
answer
Xia
question
On what did Shang priests write questions for the gods?
answer
bones
question
Which New Kingdom pharaoh outlawed the worship of many gods and established a new religion with one, all-powerful god?
answer
Amenhotep IV
question
How were many of the New Kingdom pharaohs able to undertake such enormous building projects?
answer
They used slave labor and the wealth they gained from tribute and trade.
question
Which is the best definition for empire?
answer
an area or political unit in which formerly independent states are under the control of one ruler
question
Which was the most common method empire builders used to unite vast territories?
answer
military conquest
question
How did Sargon raise money to pay his army and buy the loyalty of his supporters?
answer
by controlling trade routes and taxing merchants
question
What was the significance of the Code of Hammurabi?
answer
The laws were displayed throughout the empire for all to see.
question
Why did the Hittites migrate from central Asia to Mesopotamia?
answer
They needed more land for growing populations.
question
Which pharaoh undertook enormous building projects, including Abu Simbel?
answer
Ramses II
question
Which pharaoh established a new religion with one, new, all-powerful god?
answer
Amenhotep IV
question
What did an abundant supply of slaves and the wealth from tribute, plunder, and trade allow Egyptian pharaohs and other rulers to do?
answer
build huge monuments and temples and develop infrastructure
question
Which group of people conquered Egypt's New Kingdom, but kept many Egyptian customs?
answer
Kushites
question
How did Darius of Persia maintain control over his empire?
answer
He divided it into provinces and assigned satraps to govern them.
question
Which empire builder used tolerance to help maintain control over his empire?
answer
Cyrus
question
Why did the Persian Empire decline in power?
answer
Fights for the royal throne broke out and governors stopped following orders.
question
Which statement about Persian culture is true?
answer
The Persians adopted whatever they found useful from other cultures.
question
Which were achievements of the Chaldean Empire?
answer
Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Ishtar Gate; precise observations of the stars
question
In which way were the Assyrian and Persian empires alike?
answer
They were both divided into provinces and had systems of communication.
question
Most scholars and scientists agree that modern humans originated on which continent?
answer
Africa
question
When did descendants of modern-day humans first appear?
answer
around 200,000 B.C.
question
Which scholar studies artifacts objects left behind by humans or human ancestors?
answer
archaeologist
question
Which method do scientists use to track evolutionary changes over time?
answer
DNA analysis
question
Which most directly helped early humans develop agriculture?
answer
access to water
question
Why were the people in early farming communities able to focus on different kinds of work?
answer
Improved farming techniques resulted in food surpluses.
question
Which best describes a result of division of labor in early farming communities?
answer
Social roles began to change.
question
What did trade and interaction between villages result in?
answer
greater knowledge
question
Which is a characteristic of civilization?
answer
trade and economic activity
question
Why were early clans of hunter-gatherers not considered civilizations?
answer
They did not have division of labor.
question
Why did the world's first civilizations develop in river valleys?
answer
The land in river valleys supported agriculture.
question
Which civilization built ziggurats and used cuneiform to record information?
answer
Mesopotamia
question
Which civilization built pyramids and mummified their rulers?
answer
Egypt
question
Why is the Code of Hammurabi such an important factor in the development of empires?
answer
Everyone in the empire could see the laws.
question
Which New Kingdom pharaoh built several large temples and monuments, including Abu Simbel?
answer
Ramses II
question
What is the New Kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) known for?
answer
establishing a new, monotheistic religion
question
Which civilization put home and family at the center of life and produced silk cloth?
answer
China
question
Which describes accomplishments of the Persian Empire?
answer
using governors and an infrastructure to maintain control
question
Which empire's accomplishments include the Ishtar Gate, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and a knowledge of astronomy and medicine?
answer
Chaldean
question
Which empire, forged by Hammurabi, produced the first code of laws available for all to see?
answer
Babylonian
question
Which was not a method used by early empire builders to gain and maintain power?
answer
building new temples
question
Which two groups migrated into modern-day Turkey and Iran from what is now southern Russia and later formed empires?
answer
Hittites and Aryans
question
Which best describes why the Neolithic Revolution was such an important turning point in history?
answer
People began to control their physical environment for the first time.
