AP World History Religions – Flashcards
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Judaism Place/Date of Origin
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Caanan or Israel. About 400 BC
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Judaism Founder/Founding Story
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Abraham traveled from Mesopotamia to Caanan, with the faith that God would bless his descendants if they worshiped him. From Abraham came Isaac and Jacob. Over 1,000 years after Abraham, the Jews were slaves in Egypt. Moses led them to the Holy land. God gave them ten commandments.
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Judaism Major Beliefs/Tenets
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Only one god, Yahweh exists (monotheistic faith) Every Jew can have an individual relationship with God. God appointed them to set a holy, ethical example for the world. They should do things together, as a community. Baby Boy should be circumcised at 8 days old. Sabbath meal Bringing holiness into everything they do.
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Judaism where practiced today
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People across the world practice Judaism. It is less popular in the Middle East. They prey in Synagogues.
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Judaism Role of Women
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With Orthodox Judaism, women do not learn as much of the Talmud as men. They also wear skirts and cover their hair.
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Judaism Holy Books
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The Torah, which are 5 books of Moses, broadly conceived as Hebrew scriptures. It reveals how Yahweh has been with them throughout history. Also, oral traditional Talmud
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Judaism Symbol
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6-pointed star
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Christianity Place/Date of Origin
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Stable in Bethlehem in the holy land. 7 B.C.
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Christianity Founder/Founding Story
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Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the Holy Land. Mary was his mother, who became pregnant by the holy spirit. He died on a cross in 30 A.D., but was resurrected.
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Christianity Holy Books
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The Bible, including the Old Testament and the New Testament
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Major Beliefs/Tenets
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Jesus was the Messiah promised the the Old testament. Jesus Christ is the son of God, sent to Earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sins. Crucifixion (Jesus dying on the Cross) Resurrection (rising from the dead on the third day) Only one god, but there are the 3 elements of god the father, God the Son, and the holy spirit (trinity) Life After Death
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Christianity Where Practiced Today
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Worship in churches. Leaders are priests and ministers. Practiced throughout the world.
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Christianity Role of Women
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Women have many more rights than women of other religions, but the men still have authority. Today, most Christians view women as equal
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Christianity Symbol
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Cross
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Islam Place/Date of Origin
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Mecca, Arabia between 610 and 632.
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Islam Founder/Founding Story
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Muhammad was told by the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet. His followers, Muslims, considered him to be the last prophet.
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Islam Holy Books
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Qur'an: Sacred word of God Sunnah: practical example of Muhammad and there are Pillars of Islam
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Islam Major Beliefs/Tenets
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Only one God, Allah God sent prophets to teach mankind how to live according to His law. Jesus, Moses, and Abraham are prophets. Final prophet was Muhammad Five Basic Pillars of Islam: Declaration of Faith, Praying Five Times a Day, Giving Money to Charity, Fasting, At Least One Pilgrimage to Mecca. Six Main Beliefs: Allah is the only god, there are angels, holy books, prophets, day of judgment, predestination.
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Islam Where Practiced Today
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Worship in a mosque. Generally practiced in the Middle East.
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Islam Role of Women
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Women regularly pray at home. If they go to a mosque, they must sit separately from men. Women are treated as possessions of their husbands. They wear a hijab.
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Islam Symbol
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Moon crescent with a star in the middle.
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Hinduism Place/ Date of Origin
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Around the Indus Valley in Modern day Pakistan. Before 2000 BCE
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Hinduism Founder/Founding Story
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There is no single founder because the religion is prehistoric. The religion started in the Indus valley, where people started temple rituals, ritual bathing, animal sacrifice, making terracotta figurines, and writing script.
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Hinduism Holy Books
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NO Single Scripture Main texts are the Vedas: four books discussing multiple gods, the universe, and creation. Upandishads and the Epics Main Texts: the Vedas, the Samhitals, and Upanishads, the Bhogaval Gita, the Ramayana.
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Hinduism Major Beliefs/Tenets
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There is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth governed by Karma The next life is based off of the decisions of the previous life. Time is cyclical Adhere to Dharma, which is law, duty, and truth. Brahman is the source of the universe but there are deities to represent his beliefs. At temples, people bring offerings to deities. Some important deities are Vishnu, Shiva, and Shakti
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Hinduism Where Practiced Today
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Very popular in India and Nepal. They worship deities in temples.
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Hinduism Role of Women
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Traditionally, in the Vedas, the main purpose of women is to help her husband continue his family by giving birth to and caring for his children. They worship many female deities. It is the man's duty to protect his wife. Women don't have much freedom, they are always controlled by a man. Women cannot meet any men without the presence of a male family member. They cannot have a say in who they marry.
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Hinduism Symbol
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Looks like a 3 and a 0 with a little swirly thing over it.
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Buddhism Place and Date of Origin
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566-486 B.C.E. Village of Lumbini in present day Nepal.
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Buddhism Founder/Founding Story
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Siddhartha Guatama, Buddha, lived a luxurious life until he left royalty and found an old man, a sick man, and a corpse. He became a monk before being in poverty. He decided to live a life without luxury nor poverty. He sat under the Bodhi tree and meditated deeply, which made him enlightened. On the path of enlightenment, he was led to the pain of rebirth to enlightenment, which make him the "awakened one"
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Buddhism Holy Books
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Tiptaka The Diamond Sutra
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Buddhism Major Beliefs/Tenets.
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Focuses on the insight into the true nature of life. Change is always possible and nothing is permanent. Practice of morality, meditation, and wisdom for the path of enlightenment. NO personal god Life is endless because of reincarnation Not about the relationship of humanity with God. The Four Noble truths that Buddha saw under the Bodhi Tree: The truth of suffering, the truth of the origin of suffering, the truth of the cessation of suffering, the truth of the path to the cessation of suffering. Belief in Karma.
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Buddhism Where Practiced Today
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Many parts of Asia, including China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Burma.
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Buddhism Role of Women
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Had to be under control of their fathers in childhood, husbands in youth, and sons in old age. Thought of as only housewives. Little education and religious freedom. However, women are considered equally useful of society.
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Buddhism Symbol
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Looks like a ship wheel with 8 spokes.
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Zoroastrianism Place/Date of Origin
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Ancient Iran 1200-1500 B.C.E.
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Zoroastrianism Founder/Founding Story
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Founded by Zoraster, a prophet. Zoraster did not like the idea of many gods, class structure, or animal sacrifice. He believed in one creator, God.
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Zoroastrianism Holy Books
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The Avesta, which includes seventeen hymns by Zoraster, called the Gathees and the younger Avesta, including myths and stories.
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Zoroastrianism Major Belief/Tenets
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One god named Ahura Mazda who created the world. The elements are pure and fire represents God's light and wisdom. Pray several times a day. Cosmic Dualism: There is an ongoing battle of good and evil in the universe. Life is a mixture of the two forces. Moral Dualism: Man can choose the path of evil or the path of righteousness. God is all powerful, knows everything, is everywhere, created life, is unchanging, and is the source of all happiness. Live my the Maxim: "Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds."
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Zoroastrianism Where Practiced Today
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Worship in a Fire Temple called an Agiary. Not very popular today. Some are found in India, Iran, the U.S., Afghanistan, the U.K., and Canada.
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Zoroastrianism Role of Women
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Men and Women are equally important in keeping the world divine. Children honor their mother and father equally. "Women are prone to temptations of evil so they are regularly watched."
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Zoroastrianism Symbols
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Weird Dude on wings thing. Cauldron of fire thing.
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Legalism Place and Date of Origin
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Fourth Century B.C.E China
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Legalism Founder/Founding Story
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Hsun Tzu found a legalist school based on the idea that humans are evil and selfish. He thought that, to make humans moral, they would need harsh punishment.
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Legalism Holy Books
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The Book of Lord Shang Itan Fei-Tzu
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Legalism Major Beliefs/Tenets
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Order is above all other human concerns. The government could not be persuaded by tradition and humanity. Best way to control human behavior is through written law, rather than ritual, custom, or ethics. Humans are innately bad.
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Legalism Where Practiced Today
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Can be practiced within any religion that has a set of rules.
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Legalism Role of Women
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Cannot wear makeup, cannot drink alcohol, husband is in control, they need to work in the home.
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Legalism Symbol
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NO Set Symbol
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Shinto Place/ Date of Origin
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500 B.C.E Japan
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Shinto Founder/Founding Story
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Early Japanese people made stories and rituals that gave them a better understanding of spirits and the world.
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Shinto Holy Books
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Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters Nihon-gi: Chronicles of Japan They include ancient myths and teachings
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Shinto Major Beliefs/Tenets
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Devotion to invisible spiritual beings called Kami. There are rituals that allow humans to communicate with Kami. Kami help people be successful and healthy. It can coexist with Buddhism. Humans are good and there is no "original sin" You don't have to follow Shinto as your only religion. No Shinto God.
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Shinto Where Practiced Today
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People prey at shrines, which are sometimes in their own homes. Rarely practiced outside of Japan because it is an ethnic religion.
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Shinto Role of Women
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During WW2, there was the idea that "men are better," so women could no longer be priests. But, women have slowly been getting more rights and becoming priests again.
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Shinto Symbol
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Looks like a little hut thing
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Taoism Place and Date of Origin
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China 142 CE.
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Taoism Founder/Founding Story
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Grew out of different Chinese thoughts and religions. Zhang Daoling was the first celestial master and founder of the first organized Taoist school of thought. It was created with the idea of integrating Taoism into the existing world views of all levels of the Chinese people.
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Taoism Holy Books
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Tao Te Ching (Lao Tzu): describes the nature of the universe. Shows how to live spiritually and ethnically. Chuang-Tzu: Collection of the wisdom of many different people.
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Taoism Major Beliefs/ Tenets
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Yin and Yang. There are complementary forces: action and non action, light and dark, hot and cold. There are many deities worshiped in Taoist temples. They depend on the Tao. The Tao is the ultimate creative principle of the universe. Everything connects to the Tao. They believe in uniting with nature, being spiritually immortal, self-development, meditations, feng shui, fortune telling, and reading/chanting scriptures. Many gods, borrowed from other cultures, who are subject to the Tao.
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Taoism Where Practiced Today
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Was in China, but because of communist efforts, it is now rare there. About 3500 of them now in England and Wales.
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Taoism Role of Women
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Like with Yin and Yang, men and women are equal. Women can be priests and there are many female deities. Men and women are complementary and inseparable.
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Taoism Symbol
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Yin Yang
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Confucianism Place/Date of Origin
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551-479 B.C. Lu, Northern China
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Confucianism Founder/ Founding Story
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Confucious was a teacher who emphasized education, proper behavior, and loyalty. He had a lot of influence on Chinese Culture. Confucious made learning more focused on moral judgment and self-realization.
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Confucianism Holy Books
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Analects: collections of confucios' sayings as remembered by his students.
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Confucianism Major Beliefs/Tenets
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Moral conduct and right relationships in the human sphere. Jen: a benevolent and humanitarian attitude. LI: maintaining proper relationships and rituals that enhance the life of the individual, the family, and the state. The 5 Relations: between king and subject, father and son, man and wife, older and younger brother, and friend and friend. It is important to achieve harmony.
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Confucianism Where Practiced Today
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China, Korea, Vietnam
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Confucianism Role of Women
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Women are thought of as subordinates. Expected to be selfless and make sacrifices for men. Biggest job was to bear children. Expected to have humility.
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Confucianism Symbol
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looks kind of like a flower.
