Sociology Ch1 – Flashcards
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credited with being the father of sociology
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August Comte
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the use of sociological research to solve problems
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applied sociology
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the capitalists who own the means of production
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bourgeoisie
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standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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values
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coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest'
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Herbert Spencer
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the struggle between capitalists and workers
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class conflict
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the scientific study of human behavior
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sociology
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he coined the term social integration after studies of suicidal rates
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Emile Durkheim
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term meaning to have insight into someone's situation
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Verstehen
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term for a group's patterns of behavior
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social facts
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sociological research whose purpose is to make discoveries about life in human groups, not to make a change in those groups
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Basic (pure) sociology
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sociologist who believed that the roots of human misery lay in class conflict
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Karl Marx
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the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds
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social integration
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the exploited class, workers who do not own the means of production
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proletariat
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total neutrality
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objectivity
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the belief that personal views or biases shouldn't influence social research
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value free
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He felt there was a direct relationship between the rise of capitalism and Protestantism
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Max Weber
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Repeating a study in order to test its findings
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replication
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The first goal of each scientific discipline is to ________.
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explain why something happens.
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The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ______.
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August Comte
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The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.
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Social Darwinism
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Karl Marx suggested that the force which drives human history and is at the core of human progress is _____.
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class conflict
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Tom works on the assembly line at the local automobile factory. Karl Marx would consider Tome to be a _______ because he does not own the factory.
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proletariat
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Durkheim introduced the concept ________ to express the degree to which people feel part of a social group.
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social integration
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Weber stressed the notion that sociological research should be 'value free'. This means that sociologists should NOT _________.
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let personal values affect their research.
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According to Max Weber, _________ means "to grasp by insight" and to have an understanding of the feelings and motivations of people being studied.
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verstehen
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Sociology first took root as an academic discipline at ________ in 1890.
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the University of Kansas
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This individual was the first African-American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, spent his lifetime studying race relations in America, and was one of the founders of the NAACP.
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W.E.B. DuBois
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The American sociologist who focused on social theory in the 1940's developing detailed models of how society harmoniously works together was _______.
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Talcott Parsons
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Dr. Zahn spends virtually all his academic interest in analyzing various aspects of society and publishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to be a(n) ________ sociologist.
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basic (pure)
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________ views society as a complex, but interconnected system, where each part works together as a whole.
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Structural functionalism
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DuBois' study of race relations in America, and the lack of socioeconomic equality that resulted, would be an example of which theoretical perspective?
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Social conflict theory
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________ views individual interactions with society through shared meanings, creating an ability to explain social order and change.
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Symbolic Interactionism
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August Comte
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-first to apply scientific method to study of social life (positivism) -known as Father of Sociology, though he never conducted any systematic studies of society
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Herbert Spencer
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-rejected the idea that Sociology should be used for social reform -envisioned an evolutionary model of society where the most intelligent and capable members of society survive, as lesser die out -Spencer's ideas collectively became known as Social Darwinism -Social Darwinism in turn could be viewed to tie in with Marx's social conflict theory
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Karl Marx
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-felt that the roots of all human misery lay in conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, those who do not own the means of production, and the capitalists that do -ideas became known as Social Conflict Theory -as a result, Marx believed that a worldwide workers revolt was inevitable
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Emile Durkheim
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-considered to be 1 of the most important of the early sociologists for his advancement of the academic discipline -was the first to demonstrate how social forces affect people's behavior -his study of suicides showed that it was a socially driven phenomenon, and not an individual choice as was the common assumption -identified the concepts of social integration and the theoretical perspective of Structural Functionalism
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Max Weber
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-disagreed with Marx in arguing that religion, and not class conflict, was the driving force behind the evolution of capitalism in western society -given this work with religion and society, felt that the methodological approach must be value free, and coined the term verstehen, demanding objectivity (total neutrality) of social researchers
