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Industrial Revolution

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The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

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Eli Whitney

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Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

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Cotton Gin

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Eli Whitney's invention for cleaning cotton.

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Interchangeable Parts

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces. Led to mass production and the growth of the industrial revolution.

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Manifest Destiny

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This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

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Temperance Movement

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Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.

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Abolitionism

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A movement to end slavery.

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Public School Reform

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Push for public education for all children, not just the wealthy.

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Women's Suffrage

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The right for women to vote.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

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Seneca Falls Conference

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The first major meeting to discuss equal rights for women in the US, wrote Declaration of Sentiments-drafted after the Declaration of Independence, laid out women's demands. Reactions: some women felt empowered, others were very critical.

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Jacksonian Democracy

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This term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.

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American Nationalism

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Americans in Jackson's day believed in Manifest Destiny. They believed their nation was different from, and superior to, other nations because most Americans of that time shared the Protestant religion and English language, ancestry, and culture. They believed it was their duty to expand the hold of their religion, language, ancestry, and culture all the way to the Pacific Ocean to remake all of North America as the Founding Fathers had remade its Atlantic coast. Altogether, these beliefs comprise American nationalism.

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Cult of Domesticity

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The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house. Women in the 1800's begin to rejet this "ideal".

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William Lloyd Garrison

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1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

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Frederick Douglass

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One of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

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The Grimke Sisters

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Angelina and Sarah. Daughters of a South Carolina slave owner, they toured throughout the Northeast to campaign for the abolition of slavery

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Missouri Compromise of 1820

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1. MO became a slave state 2. Maine became a non-slave state 3. no slavery above the 36'30 line in the future (rest of LA Territory)

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Nat Turner's Rebellion

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Nat Turner believed he had been chosen to lead people out of slavery; 80 followers; attacked 4 plantations; killed 60 whites; captured tried and hanged

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Nullification Crisis

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Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.

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John C. Calhoun

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South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

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Sectionalism

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Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

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States' Rights

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The position that the federal government should not interfere with the constitutional rights of the states (such as slavery)

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Mexican-American War

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In 1845, the United States took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California. U.S. annexation of Texas and other factors led to war in 1846. During the conflict, the United States occupied much of northern Mexico. When the United States eventually won the war, this region was ceded to the United States as a part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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Wilmot Proviso

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Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

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Compromise of 1850

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• the state of New Mexico would be established by carving its borders from the state of Texas. • New Mexico voters would determine whether the state would permit or prohibit the practice of slavery. • California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. • all citizens would be required to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be fined or imprisoned. • the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and gave the settlers in all new territories the right to decide for themselves whether theirs would be a free or a slave state. This made a proslavery doctrine, popular sovereignty (rule by the people), the law of the United States.

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Popular Sovereignty

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The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

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Dred Scott Decision

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A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

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John Brown

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a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas". He also led a raid on Harper's Ferry.

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Abraham Lincoln

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16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

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Annexation

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The adding of a region to the territory of an existing country.

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Republicans

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sectional political party that morally protested slavery, it became the second major political party

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Free Soil

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political movement of the 1840s that opposed the expansion of slavery in order to allow white farmers to settle in western territories

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Checks and Balances

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Constitutional grant of powers that enables each of the three branches of government to check some acts of the others and therefore ensure that no branch can dominate

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